b CONTENTS. 
Page. 
Plate V 1 1 . Work of sapsucker on while elm 36 
Y 1 1 I . Work of sapsucker on white elm and western hemlock 64 
IX. Work of sapsucker on hickory, maple, basswood, and chestnut; 
bird's-eye 68 
X. Work of sapsucker on hickory and oak 70 
X I . Work of sapsucker on hickory, pitch pine, red cedar, and sassafras. . 72 
XII. Work of sapsucker on tulip tree 78 
TEXT FIGURES. 
I'o. I . Nome made nesl box for woodpeckers 15 
1'. Longitudinal section of nest box shown in fig. 1 15 
3. Spiny tongue of downy woodpecker 17 
I . I trushy tongue of sapsucker 17 
5. Sapsucker work on honey locust 19 
6. Sapsucker work on hornbeam 32 
7 . Sapsucker work on California sycamore 39 
8. Sapsucker work on bit 1 er ehcrry 43 
9. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of sugar maple 59 
10. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of sugar maple 60 
11. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of long-leaf pine 63 
12. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of bald cypress 64 
13. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of bald cypress 65 
14. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red cedar 66 
15. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red fir 66 
16. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of black cotton wood 67 
17. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of Carolina poplar 68 
18. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of black walnut. _ 68 
19. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of pecan 71 
20. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of big shellbark 72 
21. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of hornbeam 72 
22. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of chestnut 73 
23. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of black oak 74 
24. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of cow oak 75 
25. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of white live oak 75 
26. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of live oak 76 
27. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of shin oak 77 
28. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of slippery elm 78 
29. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of hackberry 78 
30. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of red bay 79 
31. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of California holly 81 
32. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of honey locust 82 
33. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of honey locust 83 
34. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of holly 84 
35. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of basswood 85 
36. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of flowering dogwood 86 
37. Effects of sapsucker work on wood of the tree huckleberry 87 
38. Yellow-bellied sapsucker 92 
39. Flicker 93 
lo. California woodpecker 94 
H. Pileated woodpecker 95 
1L'. Hairy woodpecker 96 
]:;. Red-headed woodpecker 97 
44. Red-bellied woodpecker 98 
