CONTEXTS 
Page. 
Introduction ~ 
Damage by woodpecker? in general 7 
Damage to tree? ~ 
Holes made in digging out insect? 8 
Excavation of nest and shelter cavities 8 
Attacks of tree enemies aided by woodpecker? 9 
Compensation for injuries due to food and ne?t excavation? 9 
Damage to wooden posts and structures 10 
Damage to telephone and telegraph poles 10 
Damage to fences and buildings 13 
Prevention of damage 14 
Damage by ?ap?ucker? 16 
Distribution and habits of ?ap?ucker? 16 
Effect? of ?ap?ucker work on the external appearance of tree? 18 
Effects of sapsucker work on the health of trees 20 
Trees attacked by the yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus variug). . . 21 
Trees attacked by the red-breasted ?ap?ucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) 50 
Tree? attacked by the Williamson ?ap?ucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus ).. 53 
Summary of injurie? jeopardizing the vigor or life of tree? 53 
Bibliography 55 
Effects of sapsucker work on lumber and finished wood products 56 
Introduction 56 
Woods in which blemishes or ornamental effects are known to result 
from sapsucker work 62 
Summary of blemishes and ornamental effects in lumber resulting 
from sapsucker work 89 
Do other species of woodpeckers share the sapsuckers' habit?? 91 
Food of sapsuckers 95 
How to recognize sapsuckers 96 
Defensive measures against sapsuckers 96 
General conclusions 98 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
PLATES. 
Page. 
Plate I. Yellow-bellied, red-naped, and red-breasted sapsuckers Frontispiece 
1 1 . Williamson sapsucker 16 
III. Work of pileated woodpecker; bleached walnut wood 16 
IV. Work of California woodpecker; swollen sapsucker girdles 16 
V. Work of flicker and sapsuckers 16 
VI . Work of sapsucker on willow 28 
5 
