BLEMISHES IN HICKORY AND HORNBEAM. 
71 
to close them. The unusual extent of the stains in this sample sug- 
gests that they spread after complete closure of the sapsucker wound, 
and the specimen gives actual evidence that they do so spread for at 
least two years after the original peck is entirely healed. 
The defects in mocker nut are very conspicuous and objectionable. 
J. B. Burris, of Cloverdale, Ind., who sent in the last specimen de- 
scribed, writes: " Recently a large sale of the timber was made, but 
on account of the condition of the trees they were refused as being 
worthless for lumber. The discolorations . . . sometimes run 
entirely through the length of a tree, though frequently the lower 
portion of the tree is free from the mark- 
ings. . . . Upon inquiry I find that in 
some localities more than half the hick- 
ory trees are affected in this way and 
thus rendered worthless except for fire- 
wood." (Dec. 9, 1901.) 
Species of Juglandace^e blem- 
ished. — Black walnut (H.), Texan wal- 
nut, nutmeg hickory, pecan (fig. 19), 
Texan pecan, bitter pecan, bitternut 
(A. A. and A. M. and F.), mocker nut, 
big shellbark (H.) (fig. 20), southern 
shellbark, pignut, and woolly pignut. 
THE HORNBEAMS AND BIRCHES (BETU- 
LACE.E). 
Blemishes in the wood of trees of this 
family are usually small, consisting of 
brown stains and sound brown to black 
checks. In some cases, especially since 
curly grain and bird's-eye are often pres- 
ent, the effect is ornamental (fig. 21), but 
probably ornaments as well as defects are 
of no economic importance in the horn- 
beams. No serious defects have been 
found in the birches. 
Species of Betulace.e blemished.- 
• 
i 
I life, 
Fig. 19.— Effects of sapsucker work on 
wood of pecan (Hicoria pecan). 
Knotty checks and iron streaks. 
Hornbeam (H. and A. A.) 
(fig. 21), hop hornbeams (Ostrya virginiana and Ostrya Jcnowltoni), 
canoe birch, and sweet birch (according to Dr. Hopkins). 
THE BEECHES, CHESTNUTS, AND OAKS (FAGACE.E). 
The woods of this family are more widely used than those of any 
other deciduous trees. They are valuable for general construction, 
cooperage, interior finish, and cabinetmaking, for which purposes 
