BLEMISHES IN ELM AND HACKBERRY. 
75 
water oak (Santee Club, South Carolina), laurel oak. white liYe oak 
(fig. 25), liYe oak (Santee Club, South Carolina; Glen Rose, Tex., fig. 
26), net-leaf oak (A. A.), Texan white oak, shin oak (fig. 27), Chapman 
oak, chestnut oak (SeYen Locks, Md.), cow oak (fig. 24), western 
white oak (PL X, Hg. 5), Colorado white 
oak, post oak (Longbridge, La.), and u* ; ; ; ■■-'■; c^K — J 
white oak (H.). 
THE ELMS AXD HACKBERRIES 
(ULMACE.E . 
FiCr. 24.— Effects of sapsucker work on 
wood of cow oak (Quercus michauiii). 
Stained and soft-walled checks. 
Defects due to sapsuckers have been 
noted in the wood of six kinds of elms 
(including water elm), in three of 
winch they are serious, and in two 
species of hackberry, one of which is 
much blemished. The defects vary 
from light brown stains of no economic 
significance to black checks, some- 
times large and often filled with loose 
or soft woody tissue. 
All of the elms furnish wood of commercial importance, and sap- 
sucker work reduces its value or spoils it for such representative 
uses as the wooden parts of agricultural implements and vehicles, 
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^—^ cooperage, and furni- 
1 ture. Hackberry wood 
is sometimes used for 
1 furniture, for which sap- 
sucker defects unfit it. 
White elm ( Ulm us 
a me rica na). — He a 1 e d 
sapsucker wounds in this 
tree vary from small 
cavities partly filled 
with powdery tissue to 
large open knots, some- 
times an inch or more in 
length and involving 
three to four annual lay- 
ers of wood (PI. VIII, 
fig. 2). These knots, 
as well as the wood immediately surrounding them, and sometimes 
for some distance along the grain, are black stained. When sap- 
sucker work is abundant, the whole body of the wood is sprinkled 
Fig. 25. — Effects of sapsucker work on wood of white live oak 
(Quercus chrysolepis). Knottj- cheeks. 
