76 WOODPECKEBS IX RELATION TO TREES. 
with stains, the grain is gnarled and in sonic cases (PL VIII, fig. 1) 
strongly bent outward, and the wood is unfit for any of the ordinary 
uses of the Lumber except fuel or coarse eonstruction. (Specimens 
from near Scotts Run, Fairfax County, Va.) 
SuPPEBT ELM (Ulrn/usfulva). — The defects resulting from moder- 
ate sapsucker work are short (one-fourth to one-half inch) wavy checks 
surrounded by black stain extending up to one-half inch both verti- 
cally and horizontally on the surface of the wounded annual ring, 
and by light brown stain for a much greater distance. The stains 
penetrate the wood under the wounds. 
Where several pecks are close together, the 
defects are much worse, being open knotty 
checks up to 1£ square inches and with open 
fissures extending one-half inch or more 
toward the bark (fig. 28). These large de- 
fects are stained black and are surrounded by 
brown stain extending 4 inches or more. The 
grain is curled over the pecks. The blemishes 
seriously affect both strength and beauty. 
(Specimens from Longbridge, La.) A trunk 
from Missouri (A. M., 278) contains small black 
checks and brown stains resulting from sap- 
sucker work. 
IIackberry (Celtis mississippiensis) . — 
Healed sapsucker punctures in this species 
appear as transverse dark brown stains from 
which lighter brown stains run several inches 
both up and down the grain, and from which 
also open checks, more or less filled with 
easily removable soft tissue, extend toward the 
bark for varying distances up to an inch 
(fig. 29). These checks are from one-fourth to 
V Z^^i^uTol one-half inch wide. The defects injure the 
(Quercusvirgintana). Loose lumber in both appearance and strength. 
knu,san<ls,ain - (Cottonport, La., Feb. 14, 1910.) 
Species of I'lm.u k.e blemished.— Rock elm, winged (dm, white 
(dm, slippery elm, water (dm (A. M.), Celtis occidentalis (F.), and 
( 'dt'is mi88issippi( nsis. 
THE lor i J O'CLOCK family (nyctaoinacfj:). 
The wood of blolly (Torrubia hngifolia), the only native tree of 
this family, is sometimes blemished by small open knotty checks 
with little stain but much marly orain. 
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