BLEMISHES IN BASSWOOD. 
three species of this family. Tliey are serious in all, and either 
lower the grade of the lumber or spoil it for all uses except fuel. 
Basswood, often called whitewood, is used for panel work, wooden- 
ware, trunks, and other purposes where whiteness is desirable. The 
inspection rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association 
particularly note that " black spots or streaks are a serious defect 
and inspectors must be careful" in estimating their damage. If they 
are excessive they will reduce the piece one or more grades.'' 
Furthermore, a great deal of basswood lumber is used for pyrographic 
material, in which no stains are permissible. Thus sapsucker work 
in basswood trees that are to be converted into lumber keeps the 
product out of 
the best grades. 
A loss of about 
25 per cent re- 
sults for each 
grade the lumber 
is reduced. 
In some locali- 
ties basswoods 
are favorite trees 
of the sapsuck- 
ers, as for in- 
stance on Plum- 
mers Island, Md., 
where three out 
of five are at- 
tacked. In 
Rockfisk Valley, 
Ya., also, the 
writer noted a 
large proportion 
of basswood bar- 
rel heads showing sapsucker defects. It is possible therefore that 
losses due to bird pecks in basswood may at times be heavy. 
Basswood {TUia pubescens). — In samples from Abbeville, La. 
(fig. 35), black stains impregnate the punctured wood ring and are 
so extensive as usually to be contiguous around it; they extend an 
inch in each direction vertically from the wound. Large open black- 
stained checks result, some extending toward the bark through 
several annual rings. These defects are very serious and no good 
lumber could be sawn from a trunk so defective. 
Species of Tiliacejs blemished. — TUia americana (II. and F.) 
(PI. IX, fig. 7), T. michauxii, and T. pubescens. 
THE FREMOXTIA FAMILY (CHEIRAXTHODEXDRACE.E) . 
The wood of the single native species (Frernontodendron californ icum) 
is blemished by small black checks up to half an inch in length. 
Fig. 35. 
Effects of sapsucker work on wood of basswood {TUia pubescens). 
Stain and extensive gnarly checks. 
