86 
WOODPECKERS IN RELATION TO 'FREER. 
THE WHITE MANGROVE FAMILY (OOMBRET ACK.e) . 
Defects due bo sapsucker punctures are known in two of the three 
native species of this family. In the buttonwood (A. A.) the blem- 
ishes are Bmall brown to black checks with short reddish streaks in 
the wood. In the black olive tree the sapsucker holes are drilled 
deep into the sapwood, and are either healed by the intrusion of long 
plugs from the overlying new wood layer or remain open. These 
defects may be accompanied by more or less dark stain. The wood 
of this tree is valued for construction, but it is doubtful whether 
much loss results from bird pecks. 
THE MYRTLE FAMILY (MYRTACEJE). 
W. Otto Emerson, of II ay wards, CaL, states that the cutting of 
the bark of the 
blue gum (Euca- 
lyptus globulus) , an 
introduced tree of 
this family, by the 
red-breasted sap- 
sucker in time 
causes an enlarge- 
ment of the limb 
all around and 
ruins the wood for 
commercial pur- 
poses. 
THE DOGWOOD FAM- 
ILY (corxaceje). 
Fig. 36.— Effects of Bapsucker work on wood of flowering dogwood 
(Cynoxylon floridwm). Large stains and gnarly grain. 
Blemishes pro- 
duced by sap- 
suckers have been noted in the wood of three species of this family, 
in one of which, the flowering dogwood, they are very objectionable. 
Flowering dogwood (Cynoxyhn Jloridum). —The stains are from 
dark reddish brown to black and are extensive, sometimes forming 
a continuous band half an inch wide around the annual rings (f\^. 36). 
The wood is strongly bent outward over the healed wood and is very 
gnarly. The defects are sufficienl to keep the wood out of the 
market, as only perfect pieces are used for such purposes as turnery, 
carving, and engraving. (Specimens from Cottonport, La.) 
Species of (<>k\a<t..i: blemished.— Tupelo gum, cornel, and 
flowering dogwood. 
