BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 39 
tribution by privately contracted planes or by other types of bait- 
spreading apparatus. 
Grasshopper infestations were also unusually heavy in other parts 
of the country. Another migratory species that has caused some 
injury to stock range in Nevada and has been moving westward and 
northward for several years had infested more than a million acres 
in California and Oregon by the end of June 1949. 
The Bureau's participation in cooperative programs for control of 
grasshoppers was changed somewhat in 1949. Since chlordane and 
toxaphene have been found effective against grasshoppers when ap- 
plied as sprays or dusts, and are now readily available, farmers have 
a means of protecting their own crops when only local infestations 
are involved. In such cases it is suggested that the farmer procure 
and apply his own insecticides, although the Bureau and the States 
will assist in providing information and advice. In large-scale in- 
festations and emergency outbreaks on croplands, the extent and type 
of Bureau participation are determined by such factors as value of 
crops, the extent of public lands, the need for special equipment, and 
technical personnel required. If after conference with State leaders 
Bureau assistance is deemed advisable, aid is given to the extent that 
personnel, funds, and equipment are available. 
Chlordane and toxaphene new weapons to combat hoppers 
The new baits used this year were recommended after several years 
of research in the Bureau. They consisted of 100 pounds of coarse 
bran impregnated with y 2 pound of chlordane or 1 pound of toxaphene 
in % gallon of kerosene. These dry baits have the advantage that they 
can be prepared well in advance of use and stored until needed. They 
can be applied with single-outlet dusters as well as by airplane, but the 
machines used for broadcasting wet baits are not equipped to apply 
such small dosages uniformly. 
Chlordane or toxaphene can also be used in the standard wet bait. 
"When used at the same strengths as in the dry baits, they have con- 
sistently given better kills than 6 pounds of sodium fluosilicate. Emul- 
sion concentrates and wettable powders are the most practical prepara- 
tions for use in wet baits. 
Sprays and dusts containing chlordane or toxaphene have given 
good control in dense, succulent vegetation, but bait is more economical 
and just as effective on range land, grain stubble, fall-seeded grain, 
and dry vegetation that is no longer attractive to grasshoppers as food. 
Mormon Cricket Damage Slight on Crops and Range 
As indicated by the surveys, Mormon cricket infestations were less 
extensive in 1948, the infested acreage being the smallest in the last 12 
years. Control was required in only 11 counties in Idaho, Nevada, 
Oregon, and Washington. In the Federal-State cooperative program 
Bureau personnel spread 1,883 tons of bait on about 189,000 acres. 
Nine-tenths of this acreage was baited with ground equipment, the re- 
mainder by airplane. An additional 251 tons was spread by farmers, 
ranchers, and other cooperators on 21,500 acres. Crop damage was 
slight, owing to early and adequate control and to the fact that most 
