BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 
59 
had been heavy and widespread, especially throughout the Great 
Plains. However, the effectiveness of the campaign was shown in 
crop savings estimated by State officials at $128,483,225, or $52 
worth of crops for each dollar spent on control. Losses were con- 
fined principally to isolated farms and localized areas. 
The adult and egg surveys conducted during the late summer and 
early fall of 1939 for the purpose of estimating the quantities of 
bait materials needed the following year indicated that the degree 
and extent of infestations of both the migratory and nonmigratory 
species would be materially reduced in the region as a whole in 
1940. Heavy flights from western North Dakota and eastern Mon- 
tana resulted in an extremely heavy egg deposition in several coun- 
ties in north-central Montana. From the Black Hills of South 
Dakota and bordering areas in Wyoming and Nebraska there were 
flights of lighter intensity into eastern Colorado and western Kansas. 
Heavy infestations of the migratory hoppers also developed in north- 
ern portions of the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North 
Dakota. Infestations of other species reached local economic im- 
portance in parts of South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, 
Iowa. Kansas, and Colorado. In the Southwestern Great Plains, at 
the close of the 1939 crop season, it was found that populations of the 
long- winged migratory grasshopper, which had occurred in out- 
break proportions in the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and 
adjacent areas of Colorado, New Mexico, and Kansas, had been 
greatly reduced by the control operations. 
Control measures in the 1940 field season were effective. Popu- 
lations of the long-winged migratory grasshopper of the Soutrnvest 
have been so reduced that no concentrations of this pest are now 
known to exist anywhere in the United States. In north-central Mon- 
tana, where the outbreak of the lesser migratory grasshopper seri- 
< usly threatened the crops, baiting activity on the part of nearly 100 
percent of the farmers combined with Bureau-paid labor and the 
activity of State and county cooperators was responsible for holding 
crop losses to a minimum. 
In addition to bait-spreading by farmers in all the affected States 
for the protection of crops, large quantities of bait w^ere distributed 
by Bureau-paid crews on idle and range lands adjacent to croplands 
in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and the panhandle 
areas of Oklahoma and Texas, and adjacent areas of Colorado and 
New Mexico. 
The outstanding accomplishment of the season's campaign was 
the effective control of infestations of the long-winged migratorv 
grasshopper through the use of light airplanes for survey purposes 
and of heavy planes for the spreading of bait. Two of "the planes 
had been equipped during the winter with modified tvpes of bait 
hoppers which effected an even and efficient distribution of the 
standard grasshopper-bait mixture. The aerial equipment was 
brought into use in areas inaccessible by means of ground spreaders, 
where infestations were such as to constitute a menace to crop areas. 
The use of planes in the application of sodium fluosilicate bait to 
combat grasshoppers as well as Mormon crickets in areas where both 
these pests exist gave effective results. Three Bureau-owned planes 
were equipped with bait hoppers. Five additional planes were hired 
on a contract basis for limited periods to combat heavy infestations 
