LOCUST MOVEMENTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES. 
33 
nach ihrer geographischen Verbreitung." Bitter, Erdkunde, pt. 8, j). 
789-815, 1843. 
Adolph Keferstein. — " Ueber die sehadlichen Heuschrecken." In En- 
tomologische Zeitnng, Stettin, 1843. 
Fr. Th. Koppen. — "Ueber die Heuschrecken in Siidrussland," St. 
Petersburg, 1SGG. 
Numerous subsequent as well as older authorities not mentioned by 
these writers have been consulted. 
The object in view in presenting the facts in relation to other species 
of locusts than our own is to draw therefrom conclusions in reference to 
the limits of their areas of permanent distribution ; extent and direc- 
tions of migrations ; relations to faunal districts ; powers and modes of 
flight ; character of countries inhabited by them ; effect of climatic influ- 
ences ; causes of migrations, &c. 
It is now well ascertained that there are but two species of true mi- 
gratory locusts (Pachytylus migratorius and Caloptenus italicus) that 
prove injurious in European countries,* hence it is fair to conclude that 
the older accounts of locust invasions and locust devastations in Europe 
apply to one or the other of these species. The locust literature relat- 
ing to this part of the world is very voluminous and much of it of very 
little value in determining any of the more important questions in ref- 
erence to the natural history, habits, or specific characters, being chiefly 
valuable in determining the regions visited and the chronology of 
locust migrations. 
Among the earlier accounts of the locusts in Europe we notice the fol- 
lowing : 
Pausanias,' who says he personally knew that these insects three times 
perished upon Mount Sigylus, though not from the same causes ; once 
the sudden visitation of a hurricane dispersed them ; a second time the 
evaporation of a severe heat following upon a rain-storm destroyed them ; 
and the third time they perished through a sudden cold. 
Livy 2 states that in the year of Borne 579 (B. C. 75), the whole Pomp- 
tine district was covered with clouds of locusts. 
Pliny 3 remarks that — 
There is another mode also in which these creatures perish ; the winds carry them 
off in vast swarms, upon which they fall into the sea or standing waters, and not, as 
the ancients supposed, because their wings had been drenched by the dampness of the 
night. The same authors have also stated that they are unable to fly during the night 
in consequence of the cold, being ignorant of the fact that they travel over lengthened 
tracts of sea for many days together, a thing to be the more wondered at, as they have 
to endure hunger all the time as well, for this it is which causes them to be thus seek- 
ing pastures in other lands. * * # As they fly they appear to be larger than they 
really are, while they make such a loud noise with their wings that they might read- 
*We are fully aware of what is said in reference to other species migrating, Irat we speak here of 
"true migratory species," and, notwithstanding numerous statements to the contrary effect, we an 
satisfied there are but two European species entitled to this designation. 
'Attica, lib. i, cap. 24. 
'Lib. 42, cap. 2. 
J Nat. Hist., lib. 2, cap. 29, Bostock & Riley's English Transl., Bonn's ed. iii, p. 35. 
3l 
