IN EUEOPE FROM THE 9TH TO THE 14TH CENTURIES. 35 
and destroyed all vegetation so that a famine ensued. 11 In 872 they 
were in Germany in such masses that they swept clean in one night 150 
acres of land where they alighted. 12 In S73 they again destroyed in 
France the entire crops, and a strong wind drove them into the canal (?). 13 
This is probably the same invasion alluded to by Cuspinian. In 885 
they again appeared in Italy, especially near Rome, and Pope Stephen 
II exerted himself in vain to extirpate them. 14 In the year 1034 every- 
thing near Constantinople was devoured by them until a strong wind- 
storm drove them into the sea. 13 Just as destructively they showed 
themselves here again in 1092. 16 
The first invasion of Russia of which we find any notice is that of 1008, 
of Kiev, mentioned by Karamsin. 17 Kbpperi also mentions the following 
invasions of that country in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centu- 
ries. In 1095 the locusts came the 28th of August and covered the earth. 
The movement was to the north. 18 The same author is quoted for inva- 
sions in 1103 and 1195, but without particulars. The chronicle of Nes- 
tor (quoted by Koppen) mentions another invasion in 1237. In 1271 all 
the cornfields of Milan were destroyed. 19 
From 1333 to 133G great swarms of locusts committed frightful rav- 
ages f they migrated from Servia into Hungary, spread from there 
farther over Poland, Bohemia, and Austria, and divided here into two 
bodies, one of which visited Italy, the other Fiance, Bavaria, Suabia, 
and Saxony. 20 
Again, in 1338, the neighborhood of Halle, on the Saale, was greatly 
devastated by them. 21 In May, 1350, an innumerable multitude of 
grasshoppers of an unwonted greatness, and uncertain origin, appeared 
in the province of Catania, in Sicily, which consumed corn, vineyards, 
woods, gardens, and trees, eating the bark to the roots in one day, and 
then by a sudden wind were carried into the Ionian Sea and drowned; 
but, being afterwards cast upon the Sicilian shore, "caused by their 
stink a cruel plague in July following." 22 
According to Otho Frisingensis, 23 grasshoppers came out of Africa 
into Italy, and also into France, in 1353 and also in 1374, causing such 
a famine and plague that the third part of the people perished. This 
old writer asserts that at last they were hurried by a violent wind into 
the British Ocean. 
11 Cantor, 104. 
"Cantor, 104. 
* Cantor, 105. 
"Eathleff, "Acridotheologie," i, 43. 
,5 Rembold, "Tractat von Heuschrecken," 13. 
16 Ratbleff, "Acridotheologie," 37. 
" History of Russia, i, 438, quoted by Koppen. See also the French translation. 
"Karanisin Hist., ii, 172. 
19 Shaw, Geul. Zool., vi. 137, from Aldrovandua. 
50 Cantor, 220; Keferstein, I. c. ; Kronika Marcina Bielokiego, 1764, 189; Joannis Dlugossi, '.'ffistoria 
Polonica," T. i, lib. ix ; Koppen, 111-112. 
sl Durhaupt, "Beschreibung des Saalkreisea," Th. i, p. 645. 1749. Keferstein. 
23 1'azellus, quoted by Purchas. 
M Purchas on Insects. 
