36 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
Rathleff 24 says that in 1354 they laid waste Italy and the fruitful 
provinces of Switzerland. This is probably the same invasion mentioned 
by Otho Frisingensis. Cantor 25 also mentions the invasion of 1374 f 
adding that they again appeared in France in such masses that they 
reached even to England. 
Shaw 20 (probably following Aldrovandus) states that in 1339 all the 
corn-fields of Lombardy were destroyed by the locusts. 
In 1231 the locusts were so destructive in Puglia Daunia, a province 
of Naples (?) that the Emperor Frederick II promulgated a special law 
requiring every agriculturist, during their invasion, to collect every 
morniug at sunrise four measures and present them to the magistrates,, 
who were required to burn them. 27 
For a hundred years after the great invasion of 1374 Europe appears 
to have been comparatively free of these troublesome pests, at least the 
voluminous locust literature of this grand division is silent in reference 
to this long period. 
In August, 1475, the insect storm proceeding from Hungary fell upon 
the oft devastated lands of Poland, Moravia, and Silesia. The swarms 
were so immense that they covered the sun like a thick cloud. 28 
Following this invasion there appears to have been another exemp- 
tion of fifty years, the next appearance of note being in the year 1527 r 
when they appeared again in Poland ; and in 1536 in Hungary, travers- 
ing Lithuania and Poland to Schleswig. 23 Georgi says that in 1527 
they came out of Turkey, and in 1536 from the Black Sea. Shaw gives 
1541 as the date of another visitation to Poland ; Georgi states that in 
1542 a great swarm passed through Poland and Lithuania to Prussia 
and also visited Silesia. Rivero Pontano, as quoted by Lucretiis, says 
that " in the summer of 1541 a great army of locusts flew through Ger- 
many into Italy, towards our region. Wherever this swarm extended 
it devoured everything in its path, for the locusts were very large and 
numerous." Keferstein says also in reference to this invasion, that 
some passed forward over SUesia and Saxony, whUe others turned them- 
selves toward Austria and Italy ; and that again they were in Austria 
and Tyrol in 1544 and 1547. The invasion of Saxony is also mentioned 
by Ruyschet. 30 
In 1542 an immense multitude spread over a great part of Europe. 31 
John Exel, as quoted by Purchas, says that about Misnia in 1543 
there were so many grasshoppers that they covered the ground about 
a cubit thick." We may remark here that our observations of the Rocky 
Mountain locusts have taught us not to treat all such statements as this 
34 Acridotheologie, i, 47. Keferstein. 
25 240— Keferstein. 
» Gen'l Zodl., 6, 137. 
"Gaetano de Lucretiis, "On the Plight of Locusts." Atti del Real Instituto Sci. Xat. Xapoli, 1811, 
233 et seq. 
28 Cantor, 265 — Keflerstein; Dlugoss, ii, 535-540— Koppen. 
^Rathleff, i, 48— Keflerstein ; Georgi "Geogr.-physik. Beschr. desRuss., 2058"— Koppen. 
30 "Wahrhaftige Zeitnng, in Schlesien, geschehen, 1542." 
31 Paulus Draconus— from Purchas ; Ruyschet,- e. c. J 
