40 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
After the locusts had shown themselves repeatedly here and there in 
Germany until 1696 they disappeared. 
In 1708 the numerous invasions of the eighteenth century commenced, 
culminating in the memorable irruption of 1747-'52, which spread over 
Europe from Turkey to Wales. We can do but little more than give 
dates of this busy locust century. In 1708 they came out of Wallachia 
and passed through Poland into Russia. 90 In 1710 a vast swarm for a 
time spread alarm through the army of Charles XII in Bessarabia. 51 
In 1712 they passed through Gallicia to Germany, and in this or the 
following year were very severe in Silesia. This invasion must have 
been much more severe than the brief notice given it by Ritter, Keft'er- 
stein, Fischer, and Koppen would indicate. It appears to have con- 
tinued for three or four years and to have spread to Italy if we may 
judge from the following papers which appeared at that time. 52 
Italy was again visited in 1727, and parts of it severely ravaged. In 
1730 to 1732 they visited Germany, penetrating to the vicinity of Berlin. 53 
In 1747-M8 the great locust swarm of the century, starting from Tur- 
key, 54 spread through Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, and Hungary, 
and from thence, in 1719, passed into Austria, Bavaria, and Germany, 
reaching Brandenburg in 1750. The Ukraine, Poland, and Silesia were 
also visited. Xor did the vast horde cease its onward course until it had 
penetrated into England and Scotland. In England they were espe- 
cially destructive in Norfolk, Stafford, Cheshire, and Derbyshire. 55 
In 1759 they again visited Italy: v parts of Russia were invaded at 
intervals from 1783 to 1802, but no swarm entered Germany until 1803, 
and then only crossed the eastern border; 57 but in 1825,1826, and 1827 
various parts of this country were visited by them. From 1812 up to 
1860, according to the record given by KOppen, some part of Southern 
"Georgi — in Koppen. 
"Demole, Stoikoovitsch, Koppen. Keferstein, and Capellan. 
a J. ChUtoph Ortlob, " Dissertatio de praesagiis locnstaruni ineertis et falsis." Lipsioa. 1713.— Paul 
Jetzen, "Con.jecturse de ominosislocustis quae aestate superiore Silesiam depopulatas sunt, &c." Sedini, 
1713. — Same, "lluthmaasungen von den wundersamen Heuschrecken welche im vorigen Summer in 
Schlesien grossen Schaden gethan, &c." — Stettin. 1713. — S. G. Loeber, "Epistolade locustis." Epbem. 
Acad. If at Curios. 1715, cent iii, iv, app.. 137. — Guiseppe del Papa, " Eelazione delle diligenze usate con 
felice successo nelT anno 1716 per distruggere le cavallette, le quali avevano stranamente ingombrato 
una gran parte delle Maremme di Pisa, di Siena, di Volterra. e tutte le campagne di Pioinbino, Scarlino 
eSovvereto." Firenze, 1716. — Tommaso Buonaventuri, " Eelazione delle devozioniedoperedipietacbe si 
son fatte nelT anno 1716 per ottenere da Dio la grazia di discacciare le cavallette cbe infestavano le Mar- 
omme di Pisa, di Siena e di Volterra. Firenze 1717. — Francesco Scu/oni, "Osservazioni intorno alia 
cavallette." Roma;, 1718. We bave seen only tbe titles of most of tbese papers, and notice tbem simply 
as indications of a more destructive invasion than generally supposed by European writers. 
^Keferstein. — J. L. Frisch, "Beschreibung von alleiley Insecten in Teutschland. &c," T. 9, p. 6 See, 
also, C. H. Eappolt, "E generali contemplatione, &c." Beilin, 1730, and Anon. — "Edict wegen Vertil- 
gung der Heuscbrecken der Sprengsel; sub dato Berlin, 13 April. 24 Oct., 1731," in corpus, constitut. 
Marcbic, 1740, v. 5, pt.3. — J. F. Wiedler, 'Narratio de erucarum et locustarum quae agros Vittenburgaj 
vicinos aliquot abhinc annis vastaruut, interitu," Phil. Trans. 1734, v. 38, p. 294. 
"Fischer Orthoptera Europea," 292. 
"Keferstein, Fischer, I. c. — Ritter — Rathleff Acrid otheologie in preface. — Koppen 115— Keunitz ' Art 
Heuschrechen, in Ocon. Encyc." — Shaw Genl. Zool. 130. — Phil. Trans, v. 46. Gentleman's Mag., v. 18, 
p. 362. Also the various articles to which this invasion gave origin, too numerous to be mentioned here. 
"Lucretiis. 
w Keferstein. 
