102 PLANT QUARANTINE AND CONTROL ADMINISTRATION [April-June, 
culls, and therefore especially open to suspicion of possible infestation. The 
more western of the States indicated have been reached by fruit in bulk rail 
shipments and by fruit packed and shipped in refrigerator cars. Much of this 
fruit has been consumed but a considerable portion of it, together with fruit 
shipped from points more recently determined as infested, is still in local 
markets or in storage in the States of destination. 
GRAPEFRUIT THE PRINCIPAL CARRIER 
The risk of carriage of infestation by Florida fruit applies at this time 
particularly to grapefruit which in Florida so far is the favored host of the 
fly and is grown largely throughout the area now known to be infested. The 
orange is also attacked, but even in the center of the invasion in which, in 
certain orchards, grapefruit was 100 per cent infested, the orange infestation 
in the same properties has been very slight, rarely exceeding 5 per cent. 
STATE AND FEDERAL QUARANTINE ACTION 
State and Federal quarantine action promptly followed the discovery of the 
fruit fly in Florida. The Florida action followed conferences between officials 
of the United States Department of Agriculture and the State Plant Board of 
that State at Orlando and later at Gainesville, resulting in the promulgation 
of a State quarantine on April 15, covering the then known area of infestation 
together with a wide protective zone. This quarantine stopped the movement 
of fruit from the then known infested areas and its restrictions were added 
to new areas as rapidly as these were determined. Federal quarantine action 
followed as soon as the required legal notices permitted. This quarantine, as 
issued April 26, covered the entire State of Florida and was immediately 
effective as to all areas in that State which had been determined as infested, 
and was effective throughout the State on May 1. The Federal action put a 
decided check on further movement out of Florida of possibly infested fruit. 
The very considerable enlargement of known infestation in the central part of 
Florida during the first half of May indicated sufficient uncertainty as to the 
extent of the infestation as to warrant even more drastic Federal action, and 
on May 16, the quarantine was amended to prohibit movement by any means 
of host fruits and vegetables from any part of Florida into the cotton States 
from North Carolina and Tennessee southward and westward including Ar- 
kansas, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and all States south of these, and 
also California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. The south- 
western and Pacific Coast States named were included on account of the 
recognized possibility of the fruit fly breeding in all of these States except 
Idaho, which was included as an additional defense against accidental movement 
of Florida fruit. 
EARLY NOTIFICATION OF STATES 
Both the State and Federal quarantines have been amended to include new 
territory determined as infested, but it is recognized that there necessarily has 
been opportunity in much lessened degree for the movement out of the State 
of infested fruit. In all of these new areas the infestation was very slight 
and it is perhaps safe to assume that no badly infested material left the State 
subsequent to the original State and Federal quarantine action. In addition 
to the legal quarantine action the central and eastern Cotton Belt States which 
were under immediate risk were given official advice from the Department in 
Washington on April 23 — in other words, even prior to the Federal quarantine 
action — of the fact of the very considerable movement of fruit from Florida 
either by truck or rail, much of it of low grade and carrying a particular menace 
of the fruit fly, and the appropriate State officials were urged to have inspec- 
tion made of such fruit in markets or storage so that any infested shipments 
could be promptly destroyed. Later on as the more widespread character of 
the infestation in Florida was determined these States were again notified 
of this; risk by the Florida State plant commissioner, Wilmon Newell, and on 
the same date this situation was confirmed by a telegram from the Department 
of Agriculture again urging the inspection and the destruction of infested fru;t, 
followed by a thorough cleaning of containers and locations where such fruit 
was kept. A call was also issued at this time for a conference at Atlanta 
