BUREAU OF PLANT QUARANTINE 37 
percent. The maximum percentage of infestation found in June buds was 3.77 
percent. In dormant budded stock the degree of infestation varied from 4.14 
percent to 42.79 percent. In the older nursery trees the average degree of in- 
festation amounted to 47.71 percent; the maximum infestation noted in any 
single lot was 85.84 percent. A considerable variation was noted in the degree 
of infestation between different nurseries in the same locality and even in different 
parts of the same field. These differences are correlated with several kinds of 
local conditions, including the number of years the peach nursery stock has been 
grown in the field concerned, the proximity of neglected peach trees in home 
orchards in the neighborhood, and similar factors. In addition they seem to be 
correlated somewhat with the types of soil and the slope of the field, higher per- 
centages of infestation appearing in trees grown in soil that holds moisture for 
long periods. 
Particular attention was given to accurate methods of separating the trees on 
which borers had fed but which were no longer infested, from trees which were 
mechanically injured or bruised. It is important from the standpoint of pre- 
vention of spread that no borer-injured trees be passed. From the nursery- 
man's standpoint it is equally important to avoid condemning trees that have 
been subject only to slight mechanical injury. It was found that by observing 
the nature of the exuding gum and the types of markings, a high degree of effi- 
ciency in making such determinations can be reached, but further study is needed 
along these lines. In this work it is necessary to handle each nursery tree sepa- 
rately, and the work therefore cannot be done as rapidh as some other types of 
nursery inspection. 
WOODGATE RUST QUARANTINE 
No spread of the Woodgate rust, a disease which attacks Scotch and other 
hard pines, was reported outside the 10 counties in northern New York already 
known to be infected, and no violations of the quarantine have been intercepted. 
WHITE PINE BUSTER RUST QUARANTINE ENFORCEMENT 
The number of nurseries growing white pine whose plantings are protected 
against blister rust infection by the eradication of currant and gooseberry plants 
around them has been greath increased during the past year. The change has 
been due partly to a revision of the blister rust quarantine regulations which 
became effective January 1, 1933, and which greatly extended the area into which 
protected white pines might be shipped from the infected States. Other impor- 
tant factors in the increased number of white pines produced, however, have been 
the recent impetus to reforestation in general and also the fear of nurserymen 
that the red pine, which has been extensively planted, may be seriously injured 
for reforestation as well as for ornamental purposes by the attack of the European 
pine shoot moth. Under the Federal laws, the Forest Service has not only pur- 
chased large quantities of forest-planting stock but has established a number of 
new nurseries which are expected to have a large annual output of seedlings and 
transplants. Among the forest trees grown in these nurseries, about 20, 000,000 
white pines will probably be produced. All such Forest Service nurseries pro- 
ducing white pines are being protected against the establishment of blister rust 
by means of the destruction of currant and gooseberry plants in and around their 
premises. 
For the shipping season of 1933 34, the Bureau received applications for pine- 
shipping permits covering 37 nurseries in 10 States. These were .scattered from 
Maine to low:', and as far south as Virginia, in addition to 1 each in Idaho and 
Montana. Such applications are referred to the Division of Blister Rust Control, 
heretofore in the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the currant and gooseberry 
eradicat ion in the sanitation zone is carried on under the direct ion of thai Division 
in COOperal ion wit h State officials and nursery owners. This eradicat ion in\ <>l\ es 
finding and destroying all the currant and gooseberry plants within a /one 
1,500 feet in width around the areas growing white pine, and all European Mack 
currant plants within a similar /.one 1 mile in width. Authority for the destruc- 
tion of wild or cultivated currant and gooseberry plant- is provided in some 
States by law or regulation, while in other States the eradication is carried out 
entirely on a basis of cooperation between the nurserymen and the private 
owners concerned. 
In the upper Mississippi Valley, the Lake States, the New England St 
and the Pacific Northwest, currant and gooseberry destruction around nursery 
premises is often a difficult and expensive undertaking, owing to the tact that 
