I 
INTRODUCTION 
21 
Second Year 
Upkeep ........ $7,500 
This upkeep will be continuous annually till the 
seventh year, but the cost of weeding will be less after 
three or four years. 
To these expenses must be added cost of land, survey 
fees, etc. 
When the crop begins to come in, buildings for 
stores, drying sheds, etc., will have to be provided. 
This rough estimate would do also for cloves, 
cinnamon, pepper, and plants of that nature, subject 
to a few alterations due to differences in cultural 
methods. 
The cost of felling and burning naturally varies 
according to the class of jungle to be cleared, whether 
it be heavy forest or secondary scrub, or grass and fern, 
the former being the most expensive. 
Nowadays, with a view to avoiding injury from 
fungi attacking the young trees, it is customary to root 
out all stumps and roots which are liable to harbour 
parasitic fungi. This is expensive, but it generally pays 
in the long run. 
Figures for forming estimates for field and garden 
crops are given under their respective chapters. 
The races which supply the coolie labour of the 
tropics are the Tamils (natives of southern India), 
Javanese, Chinese, and Negroes ; Papuans and Anna- 
mites are used in their respective countries. This 
labour is comparatively cheap ; white labour in the 
hot parts of Australia costing about eight times as 
much, and it is on the cheapness of black labour that 
many of these cultivations depend. Much of the work, 
such as felling and burning, is given out on contract. 
Literature 
General 
Ferguson, A. All About Spices. 
Watts, Dr. Dictionary of Economic Products of India. 
SiMMONDS. Tropical Agriculture. 
