QUENOUILLE STANDARDS. 
3’i 
attained the height of from six to twelve feet before the branches 
were bent down ; but the effect of this was to cover the shoots 
with blossom buds, and to produce the most extraordinary crops.” 
To produce Quenouille 
standards, plant a young 
tree, three or four feet 
high, and, after the first 
summer’s growth, head 
back the top, and cut-in 
the side branches, as re- 
presented by the dotted 
lines, on a, Fig. 16. The 
next season the tree will 
shoot out three or four 
tiers of side branches, ac- 
cording to its strength. 
The lowest should be 
left about eighteen inches 
from the ground, and, by 
pinching off superfluous 
Fig. 16. Quenouille or conical training , pro- shoots, others may be 
gressice stages . made to grow pretty re- 
gularly, so as not to crowd the head. At the end of this season 
head back the leader as in 6, to 
strengthen the side shoots. Next 
season a fresh series of lateral shoots 
will be produced, four or five of 
which may be kept every year ; and 
the third or fourth year, the lower 
branches may be bent down in mid- 
summer, c, and kept in a pendulous 
position for a year or two, by tying 
them to stakes driven in the ground, 
or to the main stem. This success- 
ive growth at the top, and arrange- 
ment of the limbs below, must be 
continued till the requisite height — 
say ten feet — is attained, when all the 
branches assuming their final form, 
the tree will resemble Fig. 17. A 
moderate pruning to produce new 
wood, and the occasional tying in of 
a rambling shoot, will be all that is 
required. _ The French quenouille Fig ^ Conical or Quenouille 
training is performed with dwarf training , complete. 
stocks, but the trees are more thrifty and durable when grafted 
on their own stocks, and kept within proper bounds by root pru- 
ning, after Mr. Rivers’s method, explained in a previous page. 
