10 
TRAINING. 
should be cutback to a yearling shoot; this will give them 
room, and keep the lower part of the tree in order. In nailing 
to a wall, care must be taken not to bruise any part of the 
shoot ; the wounds made by the knife heal quickly, but a bruise 
often proves incurable. Never let a nail gall any part of the 
tree ; it will endanger the life of the branch. In nailing-in the 
young shoots, dispose them as straight and regular as possible ; 
it will look workman-like. Whatever system of training is 
pursued, the leading branches should be laid-in in the exact 
position they are to remain ; for wherever a large branch is 
brought down to fill the lower part of the wall, the free ascent 
of the sap is obstructed by the extension of the upper, and con- 
traction of the lower parts of the branch. It is thus robbed of 
part of its former vigour, while it seldom fails to throw out, imme- 
diately behind the parts most bent, one or more vigorous shoots.” 
Horizontal training consists in preserving an upright leader, 
with lateral shoots trained at regular intervals. These intervals 
may be from a foot to eighteen inches for pears and apples, and 
about nine inches for cherries and plums. “ A maiden plant 
with three shoots having been procured, the » 
two side shoots are laid in horizontally, and S 
the centre one upright, as in Fig. 22 ; all the 1 
buds being rubbed off the latter but three, 
viz., one next the top for a vertical leader, 
and one on each side near the top, for hori- ^ Horizontal 
zontal branches. In the course of the first training, fir outage,. 
summer after planting, the shoots may be allowed to grow with- 
