HORIZONTAL TRAINING. 
41 
have four horizontal branches on each side of the upright stem 
as in Fig. 24 ; and by persevering in this system four horizontal 
branches will be produced in each year till the tree reaches the 
top of the wall (or espalier,) when the upright stem must termi- 
nate in two horizontal branches. In the following autumn the 
Fig. 25. Horizontal training , fourth year. 
tree will have the appearance of Fig. 25 .” — Suburban Horticul- 
turist, pp. 363 : 372. 
Training fruit trees is nowhere in the United States practised 
to much extent except in the neighbourhood of Boston ; and 
some of the best specimens of the foregoing methods in that 
neighbourhood are in the gardens of J. P. Cushing, Esq., Col. 
Perkins, and S. G. Perkins, Esq. 
CHAPTER V. 
TRANSPLANTING. 
As nearly all fruit trees are raised first in nurseries, and then 
removed to their final position in the orchard or fruit garden ; as 
upon the manner of this removal depends not only their slow or 
rapid growth, their feebleness or vigour afterwards, and in many 
cases even their life, it is evident that it is in the highest degree 
important to understand and practise well this transplanting. 
The season best adapted for transplanting fruit trees is a mat- 
ter open to much difference of opinion among horticulturists ; a 
difference founded mainly on experience, but without taking 
into account variation of climate and soils, two very important 
circumstances in all operations of this kind. 
All physiologists, however, agree that the best season for 
transplanting deciduous trees is in autumn, directly after the 
