376 
BUIvLETIN of the bureau op fisheries. 
Since the sexes are about equal numerically, to maintain the species at an equi- 
librium it is only necessary for each pair of adults, or for each adult female to leave two 
children which attain adult age, whatever the actual length of life in either generation. 
If the adult progeny exceeds two, the race will increase; if less than two, it will diminish. 
Since under present conditions the race of this animal is falling off, the actual rate of 
survival for the individual having remained the same, the total number of survivals 
only has changed. In other words, there is at present a deficiency of eggs. 
What is the average number of eggs for the entire life of this animal? We know 
the minimal and maximal limits of egg production in individuals (roughly, 3,000 and 
100,000); we know the average number of eggs borne at the average age of maturity 
(at the lo-inch size, 10,000 eggs); but, as Allen (j) in discussing this question points 
out, we do not know the number of female lobsters destroyed at different ages. Many 
after laying their first eggs are killed before any young are allowed to hatch, and the 
number which survive to produce successive broods is a constantly diminishing one; 
but this is made good in part by the rapid increase in the number of eggs. 
The average number of eggs borne by all the berried lobsters captured should give 
us an indication of the average number of eggs borne by all female lobsters during life — 
the number sought. In 4,645 egg lobsters from the Woods Hole region, Massachusetts, 
the average number of eggs was 32,000, which would correspond to a 13 or 13^^ inch 
lobster which had produced three or more broods. Allen found the number of eggs 
borne by 96,098 lobsters caught in Newfoundland to be 2,247,908,000, which would give 
an average of 23,000 to each female. This number corresponds to an animal 12 or 12^ 
inches long, which, as he remarks, from the known average age at which female lobsters 
mature (lo-io}^ inches) , would be carrying at least a second brood. Such a lobster 
must therefore have produced 13,000 eggs (the average product at loX inches) plus 
23,000, or at least 36,000 in all. We are therefore right in concluding that the maximum 
rate of survival of 2 in 10,000, formerly given, was much too high, as it was known to be 
at the time, and that the proportion of 2 to 30,000 is much nearer the truth. Another 
estimate, by Meek (200), based upon the statistics of the fisheries of Northumberland, 
England, gives a life rate of i in 38,000. 
If, then, it is true, as we are thoroughly convinced it is, that the normal rate of 
survival in the lobster is not greater than 2 in 30,000 or i in 15,000 (and it can not be 
greater than 2 in 10,000), the fact is big for the lobster fishery, and the sooner it is faced 
the better. It has a direct bearing upon our laws and fishery operations. It enables 
us to evaluate the egg and the egg lobster truly. It shows in a conclusive manner that 
the present gauge laws are indefensible, because they rob the fishery of the billions of 
eggs necessary to maintain it. It further shows that the method of hatching the eggs 
of this animal and immediately liberating its young is ineffective, because of the meager 
results which can come from it. On the other hand, it speaks loudly in favor of a law 
to protect the large egg producers, and of the newer plan of rearing the young to the 
bottom-seeking stage, as the only means by whieh pisciculture can hope to aid this 
fishery materially. 
