the muscicapim:. 
72 
and this will always militate against every circular 
arrangement. On the other hand, these gaps are by 
no means wide ; and although some of the primary 
divisions contain very few species, one of the most 
typical ( Muscicapinw ) is remarkably perfect ; this is 
peculiarly fortunate, in as much as it enables us to 
test the accuracy of the remainder, and almost to 
demonstrate, that however poor they may be in re- 
gard to their contents, the sub-families themselves 
are natural : these will now be explained under the 
names of, 1. Querulmce ; 2. Psarianm ; 3. Fluvi- 
colince; 4. Muscicapinw ; 5. Eurylaminw : the three 
first constitute the aberrant group ; the fourth, the 
sub-typical ; and the fifth, the typical. 
Of the Quebulhsle we know but of two species, 
and even these differ so much, that we are obliged 
to consider them for the present as distinct types. 
One, the most remarkable, is the Piauhau chatterer 
of Le Vaillant, and it now forms the type of the 
genus 
QUERULA. 
Linnaeus and Brisson considered it as a flycatcher, 
on account of the stiff bristles of the mouth, but 
in all other respects this bird gives us the idea of a 
large strong billed chatterer. It is near twice the size 
of a thrush, measuring eleven inches ; entirely black, 
except under the throat of the male, where the fea- 
thers are deep red and glossy ; the bill is large, very 
strong, but considerably depressed, while the bristles, 
