GERMINATION AND JUVENILE FORMS OF SOME OAKS 369 
line leaves are alternate, stellately pubescent on both surfaces, 
the pubescence soon disappearing, distantly serrate in the seed- 
ling stage, nearly always entire in the adult tree ; stipules linear, 
subulate. 
Dr, Englemamr notes that the young, leaves of almost all oak 
seedlings are stellate pubescent, and that the trichomes of Q. 
macro carpa, and Q. nigra , and Q. marylandica have articulate 
hairs. C. K. Schneider 2 notes that the hairs should be called 
“Buschelhaare 77 instead of ‘'Stern harre. 77 The percentage of 
germination of the red oak is rather low. Richard IT. Boerker 7 * 9 
found in the case of red oaks that it requires fifty-four days 
for germination in gravel, forty-six days in sand ; forty-two days 
in dense shade and eighteen days in medium shade. 
The germination of. acorns of this species in open light was 
28 per cent; in medium shade, was 12 per cent; in dense shade 
12 per cent. 
In regard to soil, it was found that there was no germination 
in dry soil and medium wet soil ; but in wet soil the germination 
was 28 per cent. In the case of soil texture he found germina- 
tion in loam soil 28 per cent, in sand 24 per cent, in gravel 16 
per cent. He found also that it recpiired forty days for the 
germination to start. 
In a study of the germination, of the oaks we tried two 
methods ; in one the acorns were placed in moist sphagnum moss 
and in the other in moist sandy humus in the greenhouse. Ob- 
servations were made in the field also, (though by examination of 
the ground under some trees it was found that in case of the 
red oak ( Quercus rubra ) up to May fifteenth none of the acorns 
had germinated. Some were covered up with earth, a yellow 
loam, and some were left lying openly on the ground. Only a 
very small number of the Quercus Robur var. pedunculata had 
produced any living plants in the spring. We also planted a con- 
siderable number of acorns of the following species on a yellow 
clay hill; Quercus velutina, Q. alba, Q. rubra, Q. palustris, Q. 
imbricaria, Q. stellata, and Q. acuminata. The gardener covered 
the acorns with ten inches of soil. On May 15 none of the acorns 
had germinated, but by June 15 a small percentage had germi- 
7 Botamcal works, etc., 391. 
Jlllustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, 1, 161. 
9 Ecological Investigations upon the germination and early growth of 
forest trees. Doctor’s thesis University of Nebraska, 1-89, pi. 1-5, 1916. 
24 
