- 26 - 
Gooseberry 
Hooper, C. H. 
1939. Hive bees in relation to commercial fruit production. Southeast. 
Agr. Col. Jour. 44: 103-108, illus. 
p. 106: There is an opinion that blossoms that have been 
pollinated resist frost better than those that have not been pollin- 
ated ... In England a Cambridgeshire grower who had a large acreage of 
goos eberrie s and _had hives of bees pla ced _ among the m, in a year in 
whi ch frost damag e d his n eigh bours^ c rops, had a good crop which he 
a ttributed to his bees . 
Grape 
V 
Fletcher, S. W. 
1941. Pollination. Standard cyclopedia of horticulture, by L. H. 
Bailey, v. 3, pp. 2734-2737. New York. 
p. 273S: Of one hundred and forty-five varieties of grapes 
tested by Beach, thirty-one were self-fertile, forty-one self-sterile, 
and seventy-three uncertain. 
Snyder, E. 
1937. Grape development and improvement. U.S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 
1937: 631-6S4. 
pp. 639-40: The blossoms of Vitis are arranged in a pyramidal, 
loosely branched cluster known as a panicle. In the wild state some 
vines may bear only male or staminate flowers, while others bear 
perfect or hermaphrodite flowers that have both stamens and pistils. 
American native species bear male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers 
on separate vines, while most European vines of Vitis vinifera bear only 
hermaphrodite flowers. 
The hermaphrodite blossoms range from flowers having reflexed, 
very poorly developed stamens ... to perfect flowers with upright 
stamens . . . Varieties with reflexed stamens usually do not set fruit, 
or set only very loose clusters, unless they are cross-pollinated, 
either naturally or artificially. 
The pollen grains are deposited on the stigma through natural 
or artificial means. 
Dearing, C. 
1938. Muscadine grapes. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1785, 36 pp. 
p. 17: The pollen is carried from the male to the pistillate 
flowers almost entirely by insects. 
