- 14 - 
Luce, W. A., and Morris, 0. M. 
1923. Pollination of deciduous fruits. Wash. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 
223, 22 pp. 
p. 21: Observations made at Wenatchee in the spring of 1926 
and 1927 developed the fact that there are relatively few insects 
visiting the apple blossom in many orchards. These examinations showed 
that there was a lack of insect activity necessary tc perform the 
cross-pollinizing in commercial orchards. In orchards where there 
were still plenty of trees of several different varieties the failure 
of a crop was apparently due to lack of insect activity at blossom 
time . Orcha rds n earest the foot hills or __open country produced the 
heaviest set of _fruit_. The nativ e b ees an d, i nsects c ame in abundance 
Yoia the rocky or h illy ground near these _ orchards . This condit ion 
h as been knovm to prevail in many local districts for several differ- 
ent years . 
Where wild bees and other insects are abundant, a minimum 
amount of help is needed from the honey bee, but in the l ar ge closel y 
giant e d comma r c ia 1 sect ions, w here_there are__very_few wild, bees _._and 
other insects visiting the bloss oms, more hone y bees s h ould be pro - 
vided. 
R ailrFence Elimination and Heavy Grazing 
Rail fences constitute ideal nesting places for many species of 
pollinating insects. The replacement of rail by wire fences has destroyed 
such nesting places, for wire fences permit clean, close cultivation. The 
increase in the output of wire fences and their relative cheapness has 
facilitated the use of stock for cleaning up fence rows and out-of-the way 
patches of land which would otherwise harbor pollinating insects. 
It is an axiom in beekeeping that bees starve on sheep ranges. The 
sheep trample the ground and eat the vegetation into the ground, leaving few 
flowering plants. 
There has been an increase of more than 4 million head of sheep on 
farms since 1910. 
The practice of pasturing sheep in woodlands is detrimental to the 
propagation of wild pollinating insects. 
Sims, I. H., Munns, E. N., and Auten, J. T. 
1938. Management of forest soils. U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook (Soils 
and Men) 1938: 737-750. 
p. 744: The number of livestock grazing the farm woods in the 
Central States is estimated to be five times the actual carrying 
capacity and is maintained largely by supplementary feeding of crop 
feeds. 
