- 5 - 
somewhat drier and . ind -blown to a slight extent. The h one y- 
b3e_.tg t i!3[t_ESii©tl'z2arrier . Hqqp_er estimates that in 
England 80 per the _cross-pqlIiti i ;do'n e by 'the '-' h e, 
15 Q3 r . . cent, by. V.5i Id Jje es, T[ especia ll y__the bi .'oe e,.. and 5 per 
c ent by mis cellaneous insects . 
[If this was true for England with its large areas devoted to hedge- 
rows, woods, and small-scale farming with many wild areas suitable for the 
nes I i ve bees, then in this country with its large blocks of clean 
cultivation, dwindling; wild areas, its large sheep population and much 
greater use of arsenicals, the percentage of pollination effected by the . 
honeybee must be even higher.] 
pp. 2736-7: Orchard pollination, however, is a broader problem 
than the mere detection of varieties that are inclined to be unfruitful 
when planted alone, and discovering which are the best pollinizers for 
each of them. Experiments i n crossing' and observation^ in oj 
indi c ate that nearly all varieties^ whether. self— sterile or s elf— 
fertil e, w iljl produce sore or b etter fruit with fo reign pollen than 
witfi/thgjf own . ■ • Yellow Newtown is distinctly self-fertile in Oregon, 
yet Lewis noted a decided improvement in the fruit when Jonathan and 
Grimes pollen was used upon it. He concluded, "All varieties of_;p_ 
fruits , .at IVast of apples and pqarg . evon though they may bq termed 
se l.f- f b ti i 1 § ,* b'eil ef itefl" by having other. varieties plant ed w 
th em as pollinizers . " 
[A survey of the literature shows that the last statement is not 
confined to fruit but is applicable to many agricultural crops as well.] 
MacDaniels, L. H. 
1923. Pollination studies in Mew York State. Amer. Soc . Hort. Sci. 
Proc. 1928: 129-137. 
p. 137: The_ value of having bees e " s in 
the orcha rd ..?. . ra .§„.s3a ; s2]l ? ? ' :..only 
w]2 ' es can fly, satisfa ctory cr oss-poll inat ion will be_ 
whereas it would not have been accomplished if sources of gcod pollen 
and abundant insects were not close at ha It is for such minimum 
conditions for cress-pollination that the grower should provide. 
is also ..evident .that in any .region the_la ck of pollen carriers in the 
orch ard at b looming ti me ' may b e ' the l imiting factor in the setof 
fruit a nd th at _in order to properly unders the pollinati on problem 
a study of th-j inserts ] ity.in thai r relati on to pollina- 
t ion is necess ary . 
MacDaniels, L. H. 
1930. Practical aspects of the pollination problem. N. Y. State Hort. 
Soc. Proc. 1930: 195-202. 
p. 201: In the foregoing paragraphs much has been said of 
the limitations of bees in pollen distribution. It must be borne 
