- 3 - 
present are only half full of v^ater^ iJany springs and small streams head in 
the canyons around the edge of the iults* and flow ior short or long distances* 
Other springs and streams come out at the surface of the coal measures around 
the base of the ILts. The range is therefore fairly well watered. The soil of 
the mountains is generally sandy, but fairly rich and the whole, range is 
covered with forests* 
Canadian Zone* 
The comparatively small parts of the Uts* above 9000 ieet and cold 
slopes down to 8500 feet or in cold canyons down to 8000 feet are covered 
with Canadian zone forest, usually consisting of a dense growth of Aspen^s 
DOQUlus tremuloides * some piltea pungens and Abie s arizonica, glabrum 
Lepargyrea canadens i s » Jxmiperus c ommuni s ^ Hu bus nutkanus and s trigosusY 
and in the meadows Veratrum • Gentian_s , Qompanula uni lor^ Q-nd 
Potentilla f ruticesa * Host of the deciduous plants are dead and gone. 
The mammals of Canadian zone are Thomomys fossor, idicrotus mordax, Sorex, 
Erethizon epixanthus, Sciurus mogollonensis, iJttamias opera|?ius* 
The birds of Canadian zone are GyanoCitta,dia^eraata, Nucifraga Co- 
lumbiana, bia^ia arctica, Junco t Zonotridhia* 
Transition Zone* 
r 
Transition zone covers the greatest oart of the Ciusca Uts., extending 
from 7000 feet on cold slopes up to 8500 feet and on warm slopes from 7500 
(or 8000 on very deop slopes) up to 9000 feet (or to 9400 on steep d* W* slopes)* 
It is covered with open forest of Piuus ponjerosa, Quercus gambeli and Pseudot- 
sugu in gulches. The undergrowth are mainly Arctostophylos uvaursa, Ceanothus 
fendleri, Berberis ripens, Kosa , Symphorocarpas ' , Prunus 
