MERGE TO GYRENE. 
495 
defended town ; for they have been exposed for ages past to the 
wash of the sea without suffering any material injury. On the 
northern and north-eastern sides, however, the sea has made consi- 
derable inroads, and very few traces of the wall are there remaining 
O’ 
some parts being wholly without any. The east end of Apollonia 
appears to have been fortified as a citadel, for which its elevated posi- 
tion above the rest of the town appears to have been admirably 
adapted. The cliff on which it stands rises perpendicularly from 
the lower part of the city, and could only be approached by a narrow 
pass and by a gate in the outer wall. The walls themselves are here 
doubled and still rise, though not entire, to a height of thirty and 
forty feet. The quarries which have been excavated about this and 
other parts of the walls, serving the purpose of an excellent fosse, 
contribute also very materially, as will be observed in the plan, to the 
strength of the city of Apollonia. The entrances to the town are 
all of them narrow (the widest of the gates being no more than five 
feet across) ; and their positions, in the angles formed by the wall with 
the turrets, are remarkably well chosen for the purposes of security 
and defence. There appear to have been seven gates on the south 
side of the city, including that belonging to the citadel, and one, 
near the centre, on the western side, which are all that we were able 
to discover any traces of : indeed this number of gates, for the size 
of the city, will be considered unusually large ; and were it not for 
the intervention of the quarries between the city walls and the plain, 
would have tended to weaken the position. Opposite the largest of 
the gates on the south side of the town is a spacious semicircular 
