APPENDIX. 
XX.XI 
cure ; and the lungs of the musician must have been formed of no 
ordinary materials. 
The heavenly bodies (continues our author) were observed by sai- Steering by fixed 
lors on a twofold account ; being of use to them in prognosticating the 
seasons, and as guides to direct their course. The chief stars observed which were the 
in foretelling the weather were Arcturus, the Dog-star, Arse, Orion, 
® ° . served by the an- 
Hyades, Hsedi, Castor and Pollux, Helena, &c. It was likewise cients. 
customary to take notice of various omens offered by sea-fowl, fishes. Reliance upon 
and divers other things, as the murmuring of the floods, the shaking 
and buzzing noise of trees in the neighbouring woods, the dashing 
of the billows against the shore, and many more, in all which good 
pilots were nicely skilled. As to the direction in their voyage, the 
first practitioners in the art of navigation, being unacquainted with 
the rest of the celestial motions, steered all the day by the course 
of the sun, betaking themselves at night to some safe harbour, or Exclusive course 
making fast their vessel to, and sleeping on, shore ; not daring to 
venture to sea till their guide had risen to discover the way ; that times. 
this was their constant custom, may be observed from the ancient 
descriptions of those times, whereof, says Potter, I shall only give 
the following instance : 
Sol ruit interea, et montes umbrantur opaci, 
Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam, 
Sortiti remos, passimque in littore sicco 
Corpora curamus, fessos sopor irrigat artus. — Mneid, iii. v. 50S. 
Afterwards the Phoenicians, who some will have to be the first 
inventors of navigation, discovered the motions of other stars, as may 
be observed in Pliny (lib. vii.), and Propertius (lib. ii. v. 990). We 
find the Phoenicians to have been directed by Cynosura, or the Lesser 
Bear (which was first observed, in the opinion of some, by Thales 
the Milesian) ; when the mariners of Greece, as well as of other nations, 
steered by the Greater Bear, called Helice. For the first observation 
of this they were obliged to Nauplius, if we may believe Theon ; or, 
according to the report of Flaccus (Argonaut 1), to Tiphys, the pilot 
of the celebrated Argo. But of these two, we are told by Theon, 
