IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
175 
furrowed bark; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate; acuminate, 
sharply and doubly serrate, glabrous above, downy beneath, 
short-petioled; flowers appearing before or with the leaves; 
nut small, smooth, ovoid-oblong, sessile at the base of a 
large inflated oblong closed bag formed from the bractlet, 
the loosely imbricated involucre hop-like, bristly-hairy at 
the base. Carpinus virginiana Mill. Gard. Diet., Ed. 8, 
1768; Ostrga virginica Willd. -Sp. PI. 4: 469, 1805. 
This species occurs on wooded bluffs and is frequent 
throughout the state. The flowers appear in April and 
May and the fruit is ripe in July and August. The wood 
is dense, strong, durable, and valuable for constructions 
requiring great strength. 
Our specimens are from Winneshiek, Johnson, Henry, 
Decatur, Union, and Fremont counties. We have observed 
the species in Allamakee and Clayton counties. The State 
University herbarium has specimens from Emmet, Cal- 
houn, Cerro Gordo, Webster, Delaware, Lee, and Potta- 
wattamie counties. Professor Pammel reports the species 
from Harrison, Boone, Hardin, and Woodbury counties; 
Professor Bessey, from Story and Des Moines counties; 
Professor Arthur, from Floyd county; Professor Fink, from 
Fayette county; and Professor Macbride, from Dubuque, 
Dickinson, and Humboldt counties. 
Bessey, Contr. to the Flora of Iowa, p. 119; Arthur, 
Flora of Floyd county, in History of Floyd County, p. 300; 
Botanical Gazette, Yol. 7, p. 127; Contr. to the Flora of 
Iowa, p. 29; Hitchcock, Trans. St. Louis Acad, of Science, 
Yol. 5, p. 517; Pammel, Proc. Iowa Acad, of Sciences, Yol. 
8, p. 132; Iowa Geol. Sur, Yol. 5, p. 237; Yol. 9, p. 240; Yol. 
10, p. 312; Fink, Proc. Iowa Acad, of Sciences, Yol. 4, p. 
101; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad, of Sciences, Yol. 5, p. 
127 and p. 163; Yol. 6, p. 196; Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 8, p. 
313; Cameron, Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 8, p. 198; Macbride, 
Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 4, p. 119; Yol. 7, p. 107; Yol. 9, p. 152; 
Yol. 10, p. 238 and p. 647; Reppert, Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 
9, p. 386; Shimek, Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 10, p. 162; Barnes, 
Reppert. and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad, of Nat. Sci- 
ences, Yol. 8, p. 256; Rigg, Notes on the Flora of Calhoun 
County, p. 25; Sargent, Forest Trees of N. A., p. 158. 
