IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 
187 
p. B86; Macbride, Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 4, p. 119; Yol. 7, p. 
107; Barnes, Reppert, and Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad, 
of Nat. Sciences, Yol. 8, p. 256. 
Quercus prinoides Willd., Neue Schrift, Ges. Nat. Fr. 
Berlin, 8:397, 1801. Ground Oak. This species much 
resembles the preceding; usually one to four feet high; 
leaves oval or obovate, coarsely toothed or undulate, 
shorter petioled; cups deeper, sessile; scales appressed, 
ovate or lanceolate; acorn ovoid. Quercus prinus humilis 
Marshall. 
This species seems to differ from Quercus acuminata 
(Mx.) Sarg., by its low stature and leaf outline. Our experi- 
ence indicates that this species has a well developed root 
system. The roots being comparatively large and much 
ramified. Small groves of this oak which we have seen 
grubbed made large heaps of roots, reminding one of brush 
heaps in clearings. These roots have suggested the com- 
mon name of ground oak. Wherever this oak occurs there 
is considerable difficulty in breaking the prairie soil. So 
far we have observed this species only in Appanoose and 
Decatur counties, but in those counties it was a common 
species in dry prairie soil. Mr. J . P. Anderson informs us 
that it occurs in Lucas county. No doubt the species 
occurs in many of our southern counties. Dr. Yasey 
reports the species from Iowa. 
Yasey, Am. Ent. and Bot., Yol. 2, p. 282; Bessey, Contr. 
to the Flora of Iowa, p. 119; Arthur, Contr. to the Flora of 
Iowa, p. 29; Fitzpatrick, Proc. Iowa Acad, of Sciences, 
Yol. 5, p. 163; Iowa Geol. Sur., Yol. 8, p. 314. 
** Leaves bristle-tipped; acorns maturing the second year, 
t Leaves deeply lobed or pinnatifid. 
Quercus rubra L., Sp. PI. 996, 1753. Red Oak. This 
species may be characterized as a large tree with reddish, 
coarse wood; leaves mostly oval in outline, deeply lobed, 
sinuses rounded, lobes somewhat triangular-lanceolate, 
remotely coarsely-toothed, pubescent when young, becom- 
ing mostly glabrous; acorn ovoid, one-fourth immersed; 
cup saucer-shaped, sessile or subsessile; scales ovate, obtuse 
