82 
IOWA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. 
studied till quite recently, after the prairies had been largely 
brought under cultivation. This accounts for the small num- 
ber of grasses and sedges listed, after I have collected them as 
carefully as other genera — except the genus Carex^ which 
needs more study. 
I wish to express my thanks to Dr. B. L. Robinson, and to 
Prof. Conway MacMillan, for the use of the herbaria mentioned 
above, in comparing plants. The late Mr. M. S. Bebb named 
the species of Salix, Mr. M. L. Pernald those of Garex (except 
four species collected by Mr, A. S. Skinner and Miss On a M. 
Rounds in 1896, which were determined by Mr. R. I. Cratty), 
Prof. C. S. Sargent those of Quercus, and Mr. R. I. Cratty 
those of Sagittaria and Potamogeton. Mr. A. A. Heller and 
Mr. J. W. Blankinship also aided in the determination of a 
number of species. To all of these gentlemen I am greatly 
obliged for the aid freely given. 
That the unrest in botanical synonomy is to continue for 
some time is certain, if, indeed, all features of it can be perma- 
nently settled. I have used the arrangement and synonomy of 
Gray’s Manual, sixth edition, which doubtless is not to stand 
long without radical change. The work has grown up under 
this system, and it will serve its purpose so that this record 
can be used in the future study of this vicinity or a somewhat 
larger one. Furthermore, this manual has commonly been 
used in Iowa in making general lists. 
The plants herein recorded will be found in the herbaria of 
the persons who are credited with the collections. The 
herbarium of the Upper Iowa university contains nearly all the 
species also, and the writer has collected 640 of them for the 
United States National Herbarium. These last were delivered 
in 1894. 
Nearly ali the species listed were collected by the writer. 
Other collectors are given credit for the plants collected by 
them. Besides, Dr. C. C. Parker, Mr. J. R. Gardner, Mr. A S. 
Skinner, Mr. R. B. Wylie, Miss Gem E. Rounds, Miss Ona M. 
Rounds, Miss Etna Burrette and Mr. W. P. Baker have each 
added to the work by their collecting. I am under obligations 
to ail of them for this help. 
Several species are herein reported for the first time in Iowa, 
as is indicated with the names of these plants. Further study 
of this vicinity will bring out new information regarding the 
families here treated. If this list shall aid in such investiga- 
