her striking with thuir great bills whlls shs t eaoed with hors In an 
attempt to wurd than off. In fighting ons pelican often seised ths upper 
mandible of another and hold firmly while the two pulled bach and forth. 
Though strong In pulling ths birds seem to have little strength in. lateral 
sioreaent in their necks. The effort In fighting thus was fo force the bill 
of the opponent to ono side and then with a Sudden thrust to pin the op- 
posing biro to the ground with its head twisted completely around, when it 
wue unable to more until released. In one oase one of the-e birds eaught 
^ ' V ' • , , . 1 * 4 . - * . ti V / 
tho tip of it* own bill behind one wing and strugi?l#d for two or three 
■ 
nlnutes before getting free. Often two fighting birds climbed finally into 
a no i;t side by side where they were unable to seise one another because of 
their oloce proximity, which rendered their great bills, clumsy and awk- 
ward in any lateral movement, useless. After a few minutes however the 
usurper wns crowded out. 
- * 
The eye of the pelican is much more freely storable in its sockat than 
in most birds. Ths syss ar>< rut her prominent and project slightly. In 
I nni ng at various objects the eyeball is rotated about so that in most 
oases it is not nooesa.ry for the pelican to tun its head. This dsvel- 
opaent may bo a compensation in part ior ths long bill and the heavy pouoh 
that bring about the oharaoteriatlo resting attitude in which the bill rests 
on the forepart of ths nook, making it more of an effort to turn the hoed 
about than in most birds. 
. .vf? , 5 '" v| ;• " s ', v v 
Birds at rest frequently opened the bill and drew the lower mandible 
do wn on the bend of ths neck so that the rami slippa d down on either side 
and the pouch was tuned half out. This thrust the upper end of the trachea 
up far beyond its usual IsrAl. Usually the upper mandible wae then closed 
e 
down upon ' this with gentle pressure and a slight rubbing motion, following 
