26 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
A DESIRABLE ARRANGEMENT IN GRAIN-CARRYING SHIPS. 
The danger of grain, and especially corn, going out of condition 
or heating when Loaded against the unprotected boiler acid engine 
room bulkheads and over the unprotected or nonventilated propeller- 
shaft tunnels of grain-carrying ships has led to the construction in 
many such ships of second or false bulkheads, so placed as to form 
air spaces of from 12 to 18 inches between the bulkheads of the cargo 
holds and those of the engine and boiler rooms, and the installation 
of ventilators for the propeller-shaft tunnels, the air spaces formed 
by the false bulkheads being also provided with ventilators extend- 
ing through the decks on the port ami starboard sides of the -hip-. 
This arrangement tends to keep the superheated bulkheads, with 
which the grain would otherwise come in contact, and the shaft- 
tunnel coverings in a reasonably cool condition by allowing the heat 
to escape. Ships arranged in this manner, and especially when the 
additional bulkheads and the shaft-tunnel coverings are further 
protected by a plank sheathing next to the cargo, are very desirable 
ships for carrying grain or any other perishable cargo that may be 
affected by high temperatures. This arrangement is illustrated in 
figure 6. 
FORMS OF GRAIN CONTRACTS. 
In a general way. and so far as they affect the quality of the grain 
bought or sold, there are four forms of contract upon which grain is 
purchased in Europe from the United States, as follows: (1) That it be 
of fair average quality of the season's shipments at the time and place 
of shipment; (2) that it be equal to a sealed sample (agreed upon: at 
the tune and place of shipment; (3) that an official certificate of in- 
spection be final as to quality; and (4) American rye terms, which 
last form provides that the seller shall guarantee the condition of the 
grain on arrival in Europe, ' "ship or sea " damage excepted, differences 
arising out of the contract, if any. to be arbitrated in Europe. 
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONTRACTS. 
By far the greatest portion of the export grain business of the 
Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States is done upon the basis of 
the third contract or "certificate of inspection final" terms, because 
the American exporter has heretofore' generally refused to sell grain 
for export upon any other terms. On the other hand, the European 
importer has found this contract advantageous, in that resales in 
Europe to small dealers and consumers have heretofore been more 
easily negotiated than was the case with grain bought upon the basis 
of any of the other contracts. 
ruder the terms of the third contract the purchaser has no recourse 
other than to accept the American inspection certificate as repre- 
[ Cir. 55] 
