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PEYTAUD, J. (2135) 
1915. INVESTIGATIONS ON POLYGHROSIS 50TEANA AND CLYSIA Ai;3IGUELLA IN THE 
BORDELAIS III 1915. Ann. Serv. Epiphyties 2 (1913): 109-152, illus. 
[Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 4: 299-300. 1916.] 
The remarkable aborting action of nicotine on the eggs of 
Polychrosis "botrana (cf. Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 2: 410] is due to an 
internal insecticidal action on the developing caterpillars. 
Tests of insecticides in experimental plots confirmed the 
great efficiency of nicotine-bordeaux mixture and of wetting 
nicotine solutions, the high efficiency of pyre thrum, the lessened 
effectiveness of nicotine mixed with lime and the inferiority of 
pyridine to nicotine. In the treatment of large vineyards nicotined 
bordeaux mixture saved a much greater value in grapes than the cost 
of this preventive treatment. 
MOLINAS, E. (2136) 
1915. LES INSECTICIDES EN HORTICULTURE. Jardin 26-29; 44-45. 1914-1915. 
Each category of insects requires a special insecticidal 
treatment. Nicotine has the advantage over arsenical salts, of 
acting not only upon the digestive system but also upon the respiratory 
organs through the emanation of its fumes, which enter the respiratory 
opening (spiracles). One to 1 l/2 percent solutions of titrated 
nicotine suffice to destroy insects. An addition of soap increases 
its adhesiveness to the leaves of plants. 
McINDOO, N. E. (2137) 
1916. EPPECTS OP NICOTINE AS AN INSECTICIDE. Jour. Agr. Res. 7: 89-124, 
illus. 
Pure nicotine fed to honeybees (Apis mellif ica L.) causes death 
by paralysis, but more strictly by paresis, because paralysis includes 
both motor and sensory paralysis while paresis means only partial 
motor paralysis. The symptoms of nicotine poisoning are divided into 
three stages (pp. 90-92). Regardless of how it is applied, whenever 
nicotine kills insects, as well as all other animals, it kills by 
paralysis, which in insects travels along the ventral nerve cord from 
the abdomen to the brain (p. 120). 
Aphids ( Aphis populifolia e Davis) , caterpillars (C eratomia 
cataipae Bdv. , Atteva aurea Pitch, Pat ana sp. , Achroia grisella Pab. , 
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw. ,) and beetles ( Ep icauta pennsylvanica 
DeG. ) and honeybees were dipped into and sprayed with nicotine solutions. 
All the treated aphids died, but only a portion of the caterpillars and 
beetles succumbed, and bees could not be killed by spraying them (ppi 92-94) 
Aphids, coccids, caterpillars, la,rvae of the Colorado potato 
beetle, houseflies, and honeybees were fumigated with pure nicotine and 
40-percent nicotine sulphate. They were killed as usual by paralysis 
(pp. 94-95). 
