- 505 - 
Five large species of caterpillars (Protoparce celeus, Samia 
cynthia , S. promethia , Automeris io , and Ceratomia catalpae) were give 
injections "by means of a hypodermic needle (p. 240) . 
In one or two cases transitory evidence of proleg reversal 
was obtained during observation of larvae injected with nicotine 
solutions. Ventralward contraction, especially at the anterior 
end, was always produced by nicotine. The larvae used agree in 
showing that 12 substances, including nicotine (1 to 500), caused 
a definite neuromuscular excitation l/m evidenced by spontaneous 
wri things, often of definite pattern, or by temporarily heightened 
responsiveness, or both. 
BECKER, R. (2149) 
1923. DIE T7IRKUNG VOLT ALKALOIDEN AUE EEIDHENSCHRSCKEN (ACRID IDE?) . 
Arch. Expt. Path. u. Pharm. 100: 335-348. 
The heads of grasshoppers were cut off, the intestines pulled 
out, and the solutions of alkaloids were dropped from a pipette 
into the "body cavity. Nicotine had a stimulating effect which was 
followed by a paralyzing one. The movements observed were mostly 
those of the hind legs, and known concentrations of the alkaloids 
were used. The author also describes a method of quantitatively 
injecting whole grasshoppers. 
T7IXF0RTH, E. (2150) 
1924. DER HERZSCHLAG DER CULICIDSNLARVEN UNTER NATURLICHEN UND 
KUNSTLICHEN BEDINGUNGEN. Arch. Naturgesch. 90: 193-240. 
Nicotine, which in Chordata has a paralyzing effect upon the 
sympathetic ganglia cells of the heart after a short preceding stimu- 
lation, affects the heart of Culicidae larvae in the same way. A 
0.1 percent nicotine solution increases at once the frequence of the 
heart beats (84.2 beats per minute) and causes great irregularities 
and diastolic arrest, which in one case lasted for 50 seconds. A 
0.01 percent solution also caused irregularities and increased fre- 
quence of the heart beats. A 0.001 percent solution, however, had as 
a whole no effect upon the frequence of heart "beats and irregularities 
only showed up later in the course of experimentation. The pulsation 
was weak and showed imperfect systoles and diastolic pauses. A 
0.0001 percent solution had a paralyzing effect and the pulsation 
was weak and the systole imperfect. 
VOGT, E. '(2151) 
1926. DIE CHEMISCHEN PELANZENSCHUTZMITTEL IHRE ANT7ENDUNG UND T7TRKUNG. 
134 pp., illus. Berlin. 
Nicotine and its insecticidal uses are briefly discussed 
( t jp. 85-90). As a contact and fumigating poison nicotine paralyzes 
the nerve centers. Nicotine oleate, nicotine-copper-calcium, and 
other combinations are briefly described. 
