-■■■513 -■■ 
Nicotine tannate has a low but undetermined toxicity for adult 
grasshoppers ( l.Ielanoplus differential is Thomas) • 
CHAPMAN, p. J. ' (3191) 
1934. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN APPLE PEST CONTROL IN THE HUDSON VALLEY. 
N. Y. State Eort. Soc. Proc. 79th Ann. Meeting 1934, pp. 201-205. 
[Abstract in Cher.. Ads. 23: 3827. 1934.] 
Nicotine tannate and nicotine sulphate 'with a fixator gave 
little or no control of the apple maggot. Nicotine sulphate added 
to the calyx or petal-fall sprays, gave efficient control of the 
apple redbug. 
HEAD LEE, ?. J. (2193) 
1234. TO T7HAT EXTENT MAY ORGANIC INSECTICIDES 3E USED AS SUBSTITUTES 
FOE ARSENIOALS. Jour. Econ. Ent. 27: 148-156. 
A natural step with tohacco extracts was to produce nicotine 
compounds in liquid, paste, and solid form. Nicotine oleate is a 
liquid paste, while nicotine tannate is a solid. Nicotine oleate 
has considerable toxicity against a number of different insects, 
"but has not been developed extensively for the codling moth problem. 
Nicotine tannate, on the other hand, which is the result of a com- 
bination of free nicotine and tannic acid, has received a considerable 
amount of attention as a toxic agent for control of the codling moth. 
The author mentions the work by Headlee, Ginsburg, and Filmer done in 
by Filmer done in 1950; by Moore, done in 1931; by Headlee (work done 
1932 "by Thompson); by Driggers and Pepper done in 1933. Thus it appea 
from the results, chiefly obtained in New Jersey, that nicotine tannat 
is decidedly more effective than lead arsenate or lead arsenate-oil. 
A considerable portion of the data from the other parts of the country 
is not in agreement with the facts stated above. 
Headlee offers an explanation of these differences. Nicotine 
tannate disappears from the foliage; about 75 percent of the nicotine 
disappears in 10 days; rainfall decidedly expedites this disappearance 
and strong alkalies destroy the efficiency of nicotine tannate. It 
seems that failures to obtain control with nicotine tannate are due to 
too frequent applications, rainfall wash-off, the use of excessively 
alkaline waters or the inclusion of strong alkali spray materials. 
A way toward the reduction in cost of nicotine treatments was 
indicated by Drigger's work, in which he was able to maintain a toxic 
dose of nicotine on fruit and foliage through the combination of nico- 
tine tannate and bentonite sulphur. Bentonite sulphur is a combinatio 
at the melting point, of sulphur and bentonite, the latter being clay. 
The adhesive properties of the resulting compound are entirely beyond 
the adhesion of the two components. 
