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HOERNER, J. L. (2230) 
1929. A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE TESTING OF SULPKONATED OXIDATION 
PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM FOR THEIR INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES. Md. Agr. 
Expt. Sta. Bull. 310, pp. 449-465. [Abstract in Rev. Appl • Ent . (A) 
17: 715-716. 1929.] 
Records tests with different commercial forms of nicotine in coi 
bination with Penetrol and sulphonated oxidized gas oil against 29 spe< 
of aphids. Penetrol increases the efficiency of nicotine. 
INMAN, i.I. T., JR. (2231) 
1929. SULPHONATED OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM AS INSECTICIDE ACTI 
TORS. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 21 (6): 542-543. [Abstract in Biol. . 
6 (5): 1429. Entry 13,927. 1932.] 
Addition of certain oxidation products of petroleum to nicotine 
sulphate sprays for soft-bodied insects greatly increases their in- 
secticidal efficiency; added at the rate of 1 to 200, a satisfactory ki 
may be obtained with l/3 - l/5 of the nicotine otherwise necessary. 
Such oxidation products of petroleum are regarded as activators, and a 
supposed to function by: (l) Promoting wetting of the leaf and of the 
insect; (2) carrying the insecticide; (3) penetrating to the vital org 
of the insect; (4) toxicity of their own. 
SMITH, R. H. (2232) 
1929. EXPERIMENTS T7ITH TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN SPRAY OILS IN CONTROLLING-: 
SCALE. Calif. Citrograph 14 (8): 315 and 326. [Abstract in Rev. Ap] 
Ent. (A) 17: 511-512. 1929.] 
Attempts to increase the efficiency of light oils against the 
red scale (Chrysonrphalus aurantii Mask.) by the addition of various 
toxic substances are described. 
The purest form of nicotine available (95 percent) is very solu 
ble in water, but only slightly so in spray oils. Of the many sub- 
stances tried, a few, including butanol (normal butyl alcohol), iso- 
propyl alcohol, oleic acid and pine oil, were found to act as inter- 
mediate solvents between nicotine and oil. Cne part of nicotine dis- 
solved in 5 parts of butanol is completely soluble in 50-70 parts of 
oil. TJhen the oil thus impregnated is mixed with water, however, the 
nicotine gradually passes into the latter. A highly refined kerosene 
oil with a viscosity of 30 seconds was used in nearly all of the tests 
because when used alone it had but slight effect on the red scale. Th 
impregnated oil was added to the water, and the mixture was immediately 
applied to fruit in the laboratory while being vigorously shaken. In 
the case of nicotine, it was thought that by this method at least 25 
percent of it remained in the oil. The results, some of which are 
tabulated and discussed, were decidedly disappointing, and no combina 
tion of poisons showed any practical value. The possible ways in 
which red scale is killed by oil sprays are discussed. 
