42 NORTH AMERICAN DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
south to southern California (Ventura and Los Angeles counties), and 
east to Ruby Lake Nevada, and Rush Lake. Utah. The redhead used 
to breed not uncommonly in the great marshes of the lake region of 
southeastern Wisconsin, hut now it is restricted to a few localities, 
one of which is Lake Koshkonong. It has bred on the St. Clair Flats 
of Michigan and Ontario. 
Only a few pass as far north as ;>4 latitude, the northern range of 
the species thus being more restricted than that of any other Canadian 
duck. A stray was taken in 1896 on Kadiak Island. Alaska, the only 
record on the Pacific coast north of Vancouver Island, and an indi- 
vidual was taken in the fall in southeastern Labrador. It is not yet 
recorded in Newfoundland, and is a rare migrant in the Maritime 
Provinces. 
Winter range. — The principal winter home of the redhead is from 
Texas, along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, to Chesapeake Hay: a few 
winter on Long Island, and a still smaller number around Cape 
Cod and Lakes Ontario and Erie; the species winters in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley north to Illinois and Kansas, and in the West to 
New Mexico, Arizona — rarely Utah — Nevada, and southern British 
Columbia, almost as far north as it breeds. The redhead is not 
uncommon in winter in the Viille} T of Mexico, but is quite rare on the 
west coast south to Manzanillo and southern Lower California. It is 
accidental in Jamaica. 
Spring migration. — The redhead moves north with the great body 
of river ducks soon after the first open water appears. Average dates 
of arrival are: Oberlin, Ohio, March 10 (earliest March 4, L904); cen- 
tral Indiana, March 13 (earliest March 6, 1887); southern Ontario. 
March 24 (earliest March 14, 1898); Keokuk, Iowa. March 7 (earliest 
February 13, 189S); central Iowa. March is (earliest, March 8, 1887); 
southern Wisconsin, March 30 (earliest March 10,1898); Heron Lake, 
Minn., March 26; central Nebraska. March 1<» (earliest February 1<>. 
1896); northern Montana, April 13 (earliest April 7, 1895); southern 
Manitoba, April 21 (earliest April 12, 1903). Eggs have been found 
in southern California in May; at Ho r icon Lake. Wisconsin. May 24; 
in northern North Dakota, June 1; at Rush Lake, Saskatchewan, 
June 15. 
Full migration. — The movement of the redhead exhibits in extreme 
degree a phase of migration, shared to a lesser extent by several other 
species, in which the course taken is at a wide angle from the normal 
southern one. Lake Winnipeg marks the extreme northeastern part 
of the district where it breeds commonly, and yet the species is a 
fairly common fall migrant along tin 1 Atlantic coast from Cape Cod 
southward. The individuals that visit Cape Cod take an almost 
eastern course, or at least go 3 miles east for every mile south. From 
the nearest breeding grounds to the lower Hudson Valley, which is 
