< \ N \ \-li.\t f\. 
about as far north as the species occur- regularly in large numbers, 
the course is almost at right angles t<> the general trend of the 
Atlantic coast line. In other word-, this is the course the redhead 
should take to reach >alt water by the shortest route. This route 
from Manitoba to Long Island is through a district abounding in 
shallow lake- and marshes, which furnish ahundant food. After 
reaching the coast, most of the redheads pass southward and winter 
from Chesapeake Hay to Florida and the Bahama-. ( )nlv a portion of 
the species, however, takes this east and west course. Many flocks pass 
directly south and are common all through the Mississippi Valley to 
the Gulf coast and through Texas to central Mexico. The average 
date when the first migrants appear in southern Ontario is September 
19 (earliest September 10, L896); at Brie, Pa., the average date is 
October 7, while at Alexandria. Ya.. a long series of careful records 
tixes October L2 as the average date of arrival — October 5 (1901) the 
earliest — and October l >( .» as the average date when the species becomes 
common. In general it may be said that tin 1 large flocks cross into 
North Dakota about the 1st of October, are common in the central 
Mississippi Valley about the middle of the month, and reach the Gulf 
coast, from Texas to Florida, early in November, when the last are 
deserting the northern breeding ground-. 
A single individual was seen in southeastern Labrador, September 
23. and this bird must have journeyed nearly 2,000 miles in a due 
easterly direction. 
Aythya vallisneria (Wils. ). Canvasback. 
. Breeding range, — The district just east of the Rocky Mountains in 
Alberta seems to be a center of abundance of this species in the 
breeding season. East of this district it breeds commonly to about 
the one hundredth meridian; south to the southern boundary of 
Canada, we-t to central British Columbia and Sitka, north to Great 
Slave Lake, and northwest to Gens de large Mountains and Fort 
Yukon. It does not commonly breed in the United State-, but a few 
nest in northern North Dakota and in diminishing numbers southward 
to Nebraska (Cody. Irwin. Ilaekberry Lake): it is rare as a breeder in 
Minnesota (Madison. Heron Lake), and a few crippled bird- have been 
known to breed on Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin. In 11MH) it bred 
casually at Barr Lake, near Denver, Colo., and it has been known to 
breed at Pyramid Lake. Nevada, and in a few places in Oregon. 
Winter range, — The statements of the breeding range just made 
show r that the eastern edge of the regular summer home is more than 
a thousand miles we-t of ( Jhesapeake Bay, which, until a comparatively 
recent period, was a favorite winter home for the canvasback. The 
line of the Great Lakes seem- to be the general route followed in this 
southeastward migration, and a few eanvasbaeks -top for the winter 
