44 NORTH AMERICAN DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
as far north as Lake Eric and western New York. To the northward 
of Chesapeake Hay the numbers decrease rapidly until Long Island is 
reached, where the bird is rare. It is hardly more than a straggler 
in Massachusetts and is accidental in .Maine, New Brunswick, and 
Nova Scotia. It has not been recorded as yet from Newfoundland, 
Labrador, or the Hudson Hay region. 
The great Hocks that formerly covered Chesapeake Hay are of the 
past, hut a few still winter on the coast of the Carolinas. Accidentals 
are recorded from the Bermudas, from Cuba and Jamaica, and one 
from Guatemala. These seem to be all the records south of the Valley 
of Mexico, where it is not rare in winter. The winter range extends 
from this district and Mazatlan on the western coast, north to southern 
Illinois, Colorado, Nevada, and southern Hritish Columbia. 
Spring migration, — In February a few move north, bringing the 
van the latter part of that month to about latitude 39 c in the Missis- 
sippi Valley, which is the northern limit of the species in mild winters. 
Early March brings the species to southern Iowa. Average dates of 
spring arrival are: Keokuk, Iowa, March 12; central Iowa, March 15; 
southern Wisconsin, March 26; Heron Lake, Minn., March 28 (earliest 
March 19, 1889); central Nebraska, March 14; northern North Dakota. 
April 18; southern Manitoba, April 21 (earliest April 6, 1885). In 
the interior of British Columbia eggs have been found May 21; in 
North Dakota, May 18; at Great Slave Lake, June 4, and Fort Yukon. 
June 3. 
Fall migration. — In the day of the great flights to Chesapeake Bay 
the gunners did not expect large flocks of canvasbacks much before 
the middle of November, but a small number appeared some time ear- 
lier. For the last sixteen years the average date of the first arrival 
at Alexandria, Va., has been October 21 (earliest October 15, 1903). 
On the average canvasbacks have become tolerably common by Novem- 
ber 8; in 1888 by the last of October. These flocks cross Lake Erie 
early in October, and the height of the shooting season there is toward 
the end of that month. The first flocks cross the boundary to the 
upper Mississippi Valley the last week in September and during the 
month of October spread gradually south to the southern limit of the 
range in the Valley of Mexico. Southern California is reached about 
( )ctober 20. In 1895 the hist were seen at Heron Lake, Minnesota, on 
November 27. 
Aythya marila (Linn. ). Scaup Duck; Broadbili; Blackhead; Bluebill. 
Breeding range.^-Th$ principal summer home of the scaup in the 
Western Hemisphere is northwestern North America, from northern 
North Dakota, southeastern British Columbia, and Sitka, Alaska, 
north to Fori Churchill, Great Slave Lake, Fort Reliance. Alaska, and 
Kotzebue Sound; also throughout the whole Aleutian chain to the 
