46 NORTH AMERICAN DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
to Newfoundland, and once recorded on the eastern coast of Labrador. 
Average dates of spring arrival arc: Mon real. Canada. April 15 (ear- 
Liesl April 7. L893); Oberlin, Ohio, March l>4 (earliest March 9, 1904); 
central Indiana. March 17 (earliest March 1. L892); northern Illinois, 
March '23 (earliest March 6, L894); southern Ontario. March 30; 
southern Michigan, March 29; southern Wisconsin. March L3; central 
Iowa. March L6; Heron Lake, Minn., April 2; southern Manitoba, 
April 16 (earliest March 31, L892); in 1905 one was seen March 27 at 
Indian Head, Saskatchewan, nearly a month earlier than usual. The 
species was seen May 24, 1901, at Fort Chipewyan, Alberta, and 
the first was noted May :>4, 1904, at Fort Simpson. Its arrival has 
been noted at Fort Reliance, Yukon, Ma} T 1; at St. Michael. Alaska, 
May 8-10, and on the Kowak River, Alaska, June 1, 1899. 
In most seasons about Long Island the last week of March marks 
the disappearance of the large flocks. Some years they remain during 
the first few days of April, and the last linger until about the 1st of 
May. 
Eggs have been taken at Minneapolis, Minn.. May 13: Oak Lake, 
Manitoba, May 24, 1892; Kowak River, Alaska, June 14, 1899; St. 
Michael, Alaska, end of May. 
Fall migration. — Soon after the first of October, flocks of i broad- 
bills' begin to appear near Long Island and the numbers increase all 
through this month. September 26 is the average date when the first 
scaups arrive. Early arrivals, on the average, reach Alexandria, Va., 
October 18, and the species becomes common about the 1st of Novem- 
ber. October is the month of arrival for this species throughout most 
of its winter range in the United States, and the early part of this 
month is the time of departure from the most northern breeding 
grounds. The last leave St. Michael, Alaska, October 7 to 15. The 
last leave Montreal, on the average, November 9 (latest November 14. 
1896); the latest was seen at Heron Lake, Minn., November 27, 1885. 
Aythya affinis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck. 
Breeding range,— In the case of this species a distinction needs to be 
drawn between the breeding range and the summer range. Quite a 
number of nonbreeding individuals spend the summer many miles 
south of the nesting grounds, so that the eggs or \ T oung are the only 
certain evidence that the species breeds. These non breeding birds are 
not rare on the New England coast, Long Island Sound, and the Great 
Lakes. The lesser scaup does not breed regularly in northeastern 
United States nor in any of the Maritime Provinces; indeed, there is 
scarcely a breeding record for the whole of North America east of 
Hudson Hay and Lake Huron. The extreme easterly points at which 
the species breeds arc around Lake St. ('lair and the western end of 
Lake Erie in Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario; thence westward, a few 
