ami i:k \.\ 00LDEN-E1 4 ( .) 
Pa., is April L6 (earliest March 1~>. L903). The migration in the Mis- 
sissippi Valley is somewhal earlier; average dates are: English Lake, 
[nd., March li (earliest February 27, L892); Keokuk. Iowa. March 
1! (earliest March I, L894); Heron Lake Minn.. March 27 (earliest 
March L5, L894). The first arrival was noted* at Osier, Saskatchewan, 
May 2, L893, and at Fort Chipewyan May 22, L893. &gg* have been 
taken at Pewaukee Lake. Wisconsin, May 20, L867; Minneapolis, 
Minn.. May 27, L876; Turtle Mountain. N. Dak. .June II. L898; Rush 
Lake, Saskatchewan, June L5, L892. 
Fall migration. Southward migration in the Mississippi Valley is 
earlier than it is alone" the Atlantic coast; in the former the bird 
reaches the Gulf coast about the middle of September, and has been 
noted in the Valley of Mexico September 28; along the Atlantic it 
appeal's at Alexandria. Ya., on the average, October 23 (earliest arri- 
val October 6, L901), and it becomes common at an average date of 
November 11. It was seen near Athabasca Landing September 4, 
L903. The average date when the last migrants were seen at Ottawa, 
Ontario, was October 30 (latest November 21, L892); Latest in Massa- 
chusetts November 23; Erie, Pa., December 3, average date of the last 
arrivals in southern Minnesota (eight years) November 13. 
Clangula clangula americana (Bonap. ). American Golden-eye. 
Breeding range. -This is one of the more northern-breeding ducks, 
but its choice of hollow trees as nesting sites prevents the extension 
of its breeding range into the treeless Arctic regions, to which it seems 
well suited by its hardy constitution. It has been noted north to 
Ungava Bay, Labrador; Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay; and Fort Good 
Hope, near the mouth of the Mackenzie River. It is probable that the 
species breeds in the heavy timber nearest to these places. In Alaska 
it breeds commonly in the interior about as far north as the Arctic 
Circle, but is very rarely seen on the coast. The species breeds from 
Newfoundland to British Columbia, north to the Noatak River, but 
the breeding range extends only a little into the United States, to 
southern Maine (Calais, Magalloway River), northern New Hampshire 
(Lake Umbagog), northern Vermont (St. Jobnsbury), northern New 
York (Adirondacks), northern Michigan (Neebish Island. Saull Ste. 
Marie), North Dakota (Devils Lake), Montana (Flathead Lake), and in 
British Columbia so close to the southern boundary that the species 
will probably be found to breed in northern Washington. 
The typical form, Clangula c/<i/t<j>il<i. breeds in northern Europe 
and northern Asia, migrating southward to northern Africa and south- 
ern Asia. 
Winter range. -As this is one of the hardiest ducks, its northern 
distribution in winter IS governed by the presence of open water. It 
is tolerably common on Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, and in 
