52 NORTH AMERICAN DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
undoubtedly some pairs breed In Quebec and southern Labrador, 
though it is as yet unrecorded from there, from the Maritime Provinces, 
and from Newfoundland, except as a rather rare visitant. In Manitoba 
and westward to British Columbia it becomes more common as a 
breeder, and ranges north to Fort Churchill, Fort Rae, the mouth of 
the Macken/ic and the upper Yukon, rarely to the Yukon mouth. 
It has been taken a^ a rare straggler on the west coast of Greenland 
(Godhaven, October; Frederikshaab), and a few times in Europe. 
Winter range, — A single specimen was found in the market at 
Habana. and this constitutes the only record south of the eastern 
United States. To the westward a few enter Mexico to the Valley of 
Mexico and Lower California' to San Quentin. It is a common winter 
resident of the southern half of the United States north to. Massachu- 
setts; Lakes Ontario, Huron, and Michigan; Utah, Idaho. British 
Columbia, Unalaska Island, and the Near Islands. It is casual in 
winter in the Bermudas and there is one record from the Commander 
Islands, Kamchatka. 
Spring migration. — As with most of the hardy ducks, spring migra- 
tion begins in February, and by the middle of March the buffle-head is 
fairly common in the district where it winters only locally and during 
exceptionally mild seasons. Average dates of arrival are: Renovo, Pa., 
March IS (earliest February 29, 1904); New Brunswick and Nova 
Scotia, March 22; central Indiana, March 2; northern Illinois. March 
21; southern Michigan, March 31 (earliest March 1. L887); southern 
Ontario. April 7 (earliest April 1, 1903); Ottawa, Ontario. April 24 
(earliest March 26, 1898); southern Iowa. March 22 (earliest March 1, 
1891); Heron Lake, Minn., March 26 (earliest March 6, L889); south- 
eastern Minnesota, April 5; Elk River, Minn., April 11; central South 
Dakota, April 8; southern Manitoba. April 25; Osier, Saskatchewan. 
May 2, 1893; Fort Simpson. Mackenzie, May 11. 1904. Eggs have 
been taken at Fort Simpson May 25, I860, and at Fort Yukon, June 7, 
1862. 
Fall migration. This species is late in entering the United States, 
September records being rare, except m the extreme northern part, 
and even here -the species is scarcely common before the middle of 
October. At Renovo, Pa., the average date of arrival is November 
10, though in L901 the first was seen September 21. The average date 
of the last migrants at Montreal was November 1. and at Ottawa, 
Ontario, November 8. One was taken at Fort Reliance, on the upper 
Yukon, October V. 
Harelda hyemalis ( Linn.) . Old-squaw. 
Breeding range, The summer home of this species includes the 
Arctic coasts and most of the islands. It Is abundant to the northern 
part of Banks Land and thence east to North Somerset Island and the 
