72 FORTH AMERICAN DUOKS, GEESE, AND SWANS. 
Branta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. 
Breeding range. -The principal summer homo of the Canada goose 
is the interior of Canada, from Saskatchewan and Alberta north to the 
limit of trees. Eastward it breeds commonly in the interior of Ungava 
and rarely on the coasl as far north as Okak and Ungava Bay. It 
is not a rare breeder in Newfoundland, and is fairly common on the 
islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and thence west through Quebec 
and northern Ontario to the southern end of flames Hay. Any occur- 
rences south of this district must he considered accidental or casual, 
though it has been recorded as nesting at Lexington, Ma^,. April. 
L888, and once at Hartland. Vt. 
In the interior of North America the breeding range extends some- 
what farther south. A hundred years ago the species bred commonly 
in all the northern third of the Mississippi Valley and not uncom- 
monly to the Latitude of St. Louis. Now the number of pairs breed- 
ing south of the latitude of central Iowa is very small, though even of 
late years the Canada goose has been known to breed at Samburg and 
at Keelfoot Lake, Tennessee, which seem to be the most southern 
localities known east of the Rocky Mountains. A few breed in Ken- 
tucky, and the number increases slightly in Indiana and Illinois and 
the southern third of .Michigan and Wisconsin. North of this and 
throughout much of Minnesota the species is a regular and not uncom- 
mon summer resident. The Canada goose formerh bred in Kansas; 
now it breeds randy in Nebraska and southern South Dakota; regu- 
larly in North Dakota and northward. The species still breeds in the 
northern third of Colorado, in northern Utah, northern Nevada, south- 
ern Oregon and northward. A half century ago it was recorded as 
breeding as far south as southern New Mexico. The western boundary 
of the breeding range extends from the interior of British Columbia 
to the upper Yukon and to Fort Yukon, with a few stragglers west to 
the Yukon mouth. 
Winter range, —The principal winter home is the southern half of 
the Mississippi Valley west of the Mississippi River, but the species is 
not rare in the eastern United States from Florida to Maryland, occa- 
sionally to Massachusetts, and is recorded during tin 4 winter in Maim-. 
Nova Scotia. Quebec, and even in Newfoundland. The normal winter 
range in the interior extends to southern Indiana and southern Illinois, 
but a few have been noted in winter in Ohio, sout hern Ontario, south- 
ern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, Nebraska, southern Colorado, and 
southern Utah. The winter home includes all of the Pacific coast region 
north to British Columbia, but in California typical B. <-<nnnl> nsis 
inhabits the interior rather than the seashore. The Canada goose is an 
accidental visitant to the Bermudas and to the West Indies (Jamaica 
and probably St. Croix). 
Spring migration. — More records on the movements of the Canada 
