14 
infant trees and plants) use respectively about 2\ and 1§ gallons 
of water for each 1 gallon of stock emulsion. Agitate the mixture 
in all cases, after adding the water. The preparation of the emul- 
sion will be simplified by the use of a naphtha soap. No heat will 
be required, as the kerosene will combine readily with the naphtha 
soap, in water, when thoroughly agitated. Double the quantity of 
naphtha soap given in the above formula, however, will be required, 
and soft or rain water should be used in making the emulsion. In 
regions where the water is "hard," this should first be broken with 
a little caustic potash or soda, as common lye, before use for dilution, 
to prevent the soap from combining with the lime or magnesia present, 
thus liberating some of the kerosene, or rain water may be employed. 
Crude petroleum emulsion. — Crude petroleum emulsion may be 
prepared in identically the same way as described for kerosene 
emulsion, substituting crude petroleum for kerosene. The grade of 
crude petroleum employed in the East is that known as "insecticide 
oil," having a specific gravity of 43° to 45° Baume. The same 
dilutions for winter and summer spraying should be observed as 
stated for kerosene emulsion, but it should be noted that for summer 
treatments of trees in foliage the kerosene emulsion is preferable, 
as it is less likely to cause injury. 
Whale-oil soap wash. — There are several brands of whale-oil soap 
on the market. Potash soap is preferable, and it should not contain 
over 30 per cent of water. For spraying dormant trees the soap is 
dissolved in hot water at the rate of 2 pounds to each 1 gallon, and 
spraying should be done before the wash cools, otherwise it is forced 
through the nozzle with difficulty. For spraying trees in foliage 
use the soap at the rate of 1 pound to 3 or 4 gallons of water, or even 
weaker. 
Lime-sulphur wash. — Lime-sulphur has become the main reliance 
in spraying orchards infested with the San Jose scale, and is effective 
in controlling numerous other insects and is valuable for certain 
fungous troubles. The following formula is used only on dormant 
t rees : 
Stone lime pounds. . 20 
Sulphur ( flour or flowers) do 15 
Water id make gallons. . 50 
Heat in a cooking barrel or vessel about one-third of the total 
quantity of water required. When the water is hot add all the lime 
and at once add all the sulphur, which previously should have been 
made into a thick paste with water. After the lime has slaked, 
about another third of the water should be added, preferably hot, 
and the cooking should be continued for an hour, when the final 
dilution may be made, using either hot or cold water, as is most con- 
[Cir, 123 I 
