- 32 - 
to provide iaiock-outs, and ?. pjni-zfmt v;ithin end. only partly filling the 
receptacle, the fiinigont consisting of a com oust ible material, an oxygen- 
supplying material, and a parasiticide material rrhich -^Till evolve a para- 
si ticidal vapor during fumigation. There are a nurater of such parasiti- 
cides, such as, for exrxiple, nicotine, anabasine, pyrethrum, derris, naph- 
thalene, thiocyanates, and sulphur. A specific mixture contains about 67 
percent of dry povrdered tobacco, 14 percent of ?Jihydrous nicotine of 98- 
percent purity, ^jid 19 percent of sodiuii nitrate. 
Marlcr/ood (74) in United States patent 2,123,248, issued July 12, 1938, 
applied for January 14, 1937, claims the substantially v;ater- insoluble 
re?.ction products of peat rrith organic bases of the group consisting of 
arecoline, anabasine, codeine, ethylene diamine, and piperidine. These 
products are made ^oy bringing together peat and the organic bases in the 
presence of vrater. 
E3VIEV:S AID PCPULA2 iiSTICLSS OS Al-TAEASIIGl 
Smith (133), in the United States Department of Agriculture's Year- 
book of Agriculture, 1928 (published in 1929), called attention to neonico- 
tine, a synthetic compotmd v,'hich is equivalent to nicotine in toxicity to 
certain insects. 
The Oil, Paint and Drug Heporter (134) in April, 1930, called atten- 
tion to Snith' s paper on neonicotine Tzhich v/as presented at the Atlanta 
meeting of the American Chemical Society. The Eevien of Applied Ento- 
mology, Series A (134), abstracted this report and called neonicotine a 
po'rrerful ne\7 insecticide equal and perhaps superior to nicotine itself. 
Smith's paper rras later published in the Jo'jjrnal of the American Chemical 
Society (134). 
Eomanovich (117) in 1932 reviexred the literature on nicotine, neo- 
nicotine, and anabasine. The toxicity of Anabasis aphylla L, v;as laiotm 
among the inhabitants of Central Asia many years before this property 
attracted the attention of the investiga.tors at the LIoscot; Institute of 
Chemico-Pharmaceutical Investigations, The active principle, anabasine, 
in some specimens of the plant reaches 2 percent. The insecticidal 
properties of anabasine were investigated in 1930 at the All-Union 
Institute of Plant Protection. A, II. Illinsky at Leningrad and Z, I^T. 
Shirokova at Hoscor;, both specialists of this Institute, shor/ed that the 
toxic properties of anabasine are not inferior to those of nicotine, 
and, consequently, it may be used T/ith success as a contact insecticide. 
An anonynous (l) \7riter in June 1932 reported in the Pharmazeutische 
Uonatshefte of Vienna that anabasine is an alkaloid obtained from Anabasis 
aphylla gro^jring rrild in Turkestan. It is used as an insecticide and is 
sold by the Amtor;; 
liiight (61) in 1933 v/rote that the utilization of fruits and vege- 
tables had been aided Vj chemical discoveries. Prom pyridine, a consti- 
tuent of coal tar, a substitute of nicotine has been synthesized. This 
product, called neonicotine, has recently been found in a Russian rzeed 
and has become commercially available. 
