- 30 - 
acts not directly on the circulr.torr' sycten, "but on the nervous and 
muscular systems, llxperiments on the direct application of anabasine 
sulfate to the dorsal vessels of larvae of Pieris brassicae dissected 
alive shovred that ever, concentrations as lo^" as 0.00001 percent result 
in an imraediate and final cessation of its pulsations. This suggests 
the possibility of using the dorsal vessels of these caterpillars as an 
indicator for anabasine sulfate. Incidentally, the experiments showed 
a characteristic difference in the rate of pulsation of larvae parasitized 
by Apan teles glom eratus L. , in which it was 6 per minute, as against 29 
in the normal caterpill?jrs. Caterpillars fed on nast-urtixm leaves had 
an irregular pulsation rhythm. The action of anabasine sulfate on the 
dorsal vessel of 51atta orientalis L. was only temporary. 
Ivanova (45) in 1937 reported a study of the permeability of the in- 
tegument of insects with regard to anabasine. Experiments v.'ith dialysers 
prepared from the integuments of larvae of Fieris brassicae and Pteronus 
ribesii showed that the degree of penetration of fluids is variable and 
depends on such factors as food, season, parasitization, etc. The chitinous 
cuticle is penetrated very easily, but the hj^podermal layer presents an 
effective barrier to penetration. Anabasine and anabasine sulfate facili- 
tated penetration of fluids through the integuments, the rate of penetra- 
tion increasing with the increase in the concentration of the poisons. 
It is suggested that anabasine acts by narcosis of the hypodermal cells. 
Savchenko (124) in 1938 reported that nicotine sulfate is more potent 
than anabasine sulfate when tested upon beet flies. Under favorable 
meteorological conditions, and in the presence of soft or medium-hard 
water, and provided liquid soap is added to the solution, nicotine sul- 
fate can be used at a concentration of 0.06 percent, and anabasine sulfa.te 
at 0.08 percent. If the water is hard or the weather is cool, the con- 
centration of the solutions should be increased by 0.01 to 0.02 percent. 
Liquid soap can be replaced "oy sulfonates derived from petroleum and, 
in certain cases, even by sodium carbon?.te. 
1938" 
Sugak (151) in 1938 reioorted that aphids on lupin, of which Aphis 
medicaginis ICoch was the most common, were successfully controlled by 
spraying twice with soap solutions containing anabasine sulfate or 
nicotine sulfate. 
Fulton and Howard (26) in 1938 tested anabasine sulfate with and 
vrithout oils upon the squash bug, .Inasa tristis (Deg.), Tested upon the 
squash bug, anabasine sulfate (40 percent) at 1:200 killed only 8 percent 
after 72 hours at 80° F. and 70 percent relative humidity. Under similar 
conc.itions nicotine sulfate at 1:100 killed 19 percent. The addition of 
1 percent of certain oils (teaseed, corn, peanut, olive, petrolatum, and 
tung) , emulsified with sodium lauryl sulfate, to anabasine sulfate or 
nicotine sulfate solutions greatly increased their toxicity to the 
squash bug. The mixtures of oil with nicotine sulfate 1:100 were more 
toxic than the mixtures with anabasine sulfate 1:200. 
