- 22 - 
In each experiment 50 aphids placed in a Petri dish lined rvith flannel 
vrere sprayed with 1 cc. of the tested solution. Control aphids viere 
sprayed with distilled water. The insects '-ere then transferred to 
glass t"umblers \7ith fresh cablDage leaves at the bottom, and the percent- 
age of mortality after 43 hours was calculated. 
It was found that the sodium soaps were more toxic in all concen- 
trations than the potassium soaps, and the ammonium soaps were the 
least effective. The alkaloid soaps '-'ere much more toxic than the 
alkali soaps, 100 percent mortality "being obtained in all cases with 
soaps containing 0.25 percent of any of the fatty acids and 0.14 per- 
cent of the alkaloid. At low concentrations the anabssine soaps were 
more effective than the corresponding nicotine soaps, probably because 
the latter are transformed into the molecularly dispersed dispersal 
condition and lose their colloidal properties sooner. Solutions of 
pure nicotine and anabasine and of their sulfates were considerably 
less toxic than the soaps with the same content of the alkaloid in the 
solutions. 
1936 
Daniel and Cox (19) in 1935 reported on control of the oriental fruit 
moth, G-rapholitha molesta (Busck) , in quince plantings in western New 
York. Tests were made with anabasine sulfate 1:800, also anabasine 
sulfate 1:800 S- Volck oil 1:50, but it was little better than nicotine 
and less readily a,vailable. 
Sinel'nikova (130) in 1936 reported that in tests under field condi- 
tions of 3. ntmber of insecticides against the woolly aphid, Sriosoma 
lanigernm (Hausm.), on apple in Central Asia, various sprays containing 
anabasine, tobacco extract, or kerosene emulsion gave 90 to 98 percent 
mortality. The most effective consisted of 8 ounces of 36-percent 
anabasine sulfate and 3 po-unds of soap or Petrov' s "Contact" in 100 
gallons of water. If the aphids are ab^andant and infest the smallest 
twigs, the quantity of the spray used should be at least 11 gallons to 
each tree 16 to 20 feet high. 
Lesnikovskaya (69) in 1936 reported that a spray of anabasine sul- 
fate applied t'bree times against the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus pernio iosus 
Comst . , failed to give control, as it did not kill the more mature scales. 
^en a certain species of fruit aphid was sprayed with paris green, 
the mortality was 22,4 percent, and when the same insect ^7as sprayed with 
anabasine sulfate, the mortality was 24.7 percent. 
G-arman and Townsend (33) in 1936 recorded the results of investiga- 
tions carried out in Connecticut in 1932-34 on the bionomics and control 
of the white apple leaf hopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee , on apple. 
In 1935 tiiere was verjr little difference in the percentage of njonphs 
killed on trees spraj'-ed with nicotine sulfate (.1:800) alone and those 
sprayed with nicotine sulfate and soap. Pyrethrum soaps have given 
satisfactory control in some tests, but in general both pyrethrum and 
derris or rotenone sprays have not been so efficient as nicotine sulfate 
