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Experiments vith dusts anc' sprays dssiined to kill the eggs and 
young larvae ^rere carried out on autuian- and spring-soni wheat in pots 
or field plots, and the results vere estimated "by comparison with vin- 
treated plants. Soap was added to oil sprays as a spreader. The fol- 
lowing were the percentage controls obtained with the more effective 
insecticides, the figures in parentheses showing the percentage concen- 
trations of the latter in the sprays or dusts: 74.3-99.2 with anabasine 
sulfate (O.l spray); 60,6-94.1 with nicotine sulfate (0.1-0.15 spray); 
80-36 with sodium fluoride (0.75-0.8 spray); 91.8 and 95.5 with anabasine 
sulfate (2.5 and 5 dust, respectively); 92.4-94.1 with anthracene (10 
dust with lime). The rate of the application por acre depends on the size 
of the plants; about 40 gallons of spray or 20 pcands of dust is suffi- 
cient for sprouting wheat. Tvro applications should be made during the 
■neriod of mass oviposition of the fly, with an interval of 4 to 7 days. 
Goryainov, Goryainova, and I'loblova (38) in 1935 gave an account of 
tests of tho toxicity to leaf aphids, etc., of preparations from plants 
that produce alkaloids, chiefly Anabasis aphylla . The technique oi test- 
ing the insecticidal value of dusts and solutions prepared from such 
plants is described. The solxitions ".'ere tested as dips and sprays. The 
toxicity to aphids of alkaloids other than anabasine present in Anabasis 
aphylla (aphylline, aphyllidine, and lupinine) "'as negligible. A water 
e::tract of anabasine was as toxic to aphids as a solution of anabasine 
sulfate v.'hen the allraloid contents were about the same. Solutions of 
anabasine sulfate were not verjr effective against aphids when used 
alone, but were rendered effective by the addition of soap, or cheaper 
materials, including petroleum acids and residue from the manufactiire 
of viscose. 
In tests v/ith 5-percent anabasine svilfate dust with a number of 
carriers, 100 percent mortality of aphids was obtained on the day of 
the application of dusts mixed with silica gel, carbonates, chalk, or 
limestone. Special experiments showed tnat dusts prepared with car- 
bonates killed the aphids in 10 to 12 minutes, whereas when other 
carriers were used the insects remained active after an hour. Further 
tests s"^o^7ed that the effectiveness of inert carriers, such as tripoli or 
loess dust, can be raised by the addition of at least 15 percent of 
carbonates, such as sodivim carbonate, all the aphids being killed on 
the day of the application. I>asts of anabasine sulfate were as effec- 
tive as the standard nicotine dusts, 100 percent mortality being 
obtained in 10 minutes at 16^ to 17" C. [50.8° to 62.6° F.]. An 
anabasine dust (named "Aning" ) that was as effective as dry anabasine 
sulfate and is easier to prepare was made by wetting 2 parts of finely 
ground plant material ^vith 1 part of water containing 1 percent sulfui'ic 
acid, and after 5 to 6 hours mixing it with 4 parts of a carrier, such 
as limestone powder or equal parts of limestone powder and loess dust. 
The 7-ho\ar water extract of anabasine sulfate (30 grams per liter), 
containing 0.06 percent of alkaloids, gave 90 percent mortality of 
Aulacarium pelargi . The 24-hour extract (anabasine sulfate 0.07 percent) 
gave 100 percent mortality. The deficiency of water extract, however, 
is the fact that it must be used fresh, as it becomes mouldy if left 
standing. 
