- 12 - 
Anichkov (5) in 1937 compared the action of cytisine, coniine, and 
other poisons on the carotid sinus -"ith th-at of nicotine, anaoasine, and 
other compu-onds. 
Leont'ev (58) in 19C6 reported on the pharmacolofiy of ana'basine- 
protein coapounds. AnaDo.tine v/ken injected Yiith protein (fro:a peas or 
soylDean) is almost nontoxic for the conunon laboratory animals. The 
sj-iptoms of intoxication with anahasine are analogo^J.s to those of nico- 
tine, v'hich are as follorrs: Increased irritability, lack of coordination 
shivers, clonic conAT.ilsions, and nervous depression. The death of the 
animal is, as a result, caused "by disturbances in the resporatoiT process. 
The protein acid obt?.ined fron soya beans, combined in equal proportion 
with t'le alI:a,loid, res'ilted in a.i anabasine product v/hich had no harmful 
effects on \7arn-bloocLed or cold-blooded anima-ls. Sxperiments revealed 
that the resistajace of tested animals to anaba,sine vras in the follorring 
increasing order: Guinea pigs, white .-nice, fish, white rats, birds, 
frogs. 
Studies were reported in 1957 'a^r P-otaian (ll9) of the effect of ana- 
basine on the gt seous exchange in insects, by T'arascva (152) on the 
effect of anabasine on the a.ctivity of the heart in insects, and by 
Ivanova (45) on the permeability to ainabasine of the integument of in- 
sects. These pa.pers are reviewed in the section of this paper dealing 
vdth the use of ana,basine as an insecticide. 
Mednilqran (77) in 1938 reported the results of compa^rative studies 
of the effect of certain ganglionic poisons on resioirration. The intra- 
venous injection of 0.04-0.05 milligram of nicotine, or 0.15-0.18 milli- 
grajn of ana,basine per kilogram of bod.y weight, gives rise to practically 
equa^l values for the excitation of respiration. 
TIE USi: OJ AI^ALASI^v"^ AS J'J E'SSCTICIE^ 
JL93G 
Tests with anaba„sine a-s an insecticide were first made with the syn- 
thetic, optica.lly inactive form ca.lled neonicotine and were reported by 
Smith, Richardson, and Shephard (140) in October 1930. Twenty-five 
bipyridyl derivatives and related compounds not previously reported were 
prepared and examined as contact insecticides. These included a number 
of isomeric bipyrid^^is, bipiperidyls, ajad pyridyl piperidines. Neo- 
nicotine (beta-p3'-ridyl-alpha-piperidine) was the most toxic of these 
compounds, compa,ring closely with nicotine, to which it is chemically 
similar. Alpha- pyridyl-bsta-piperidine stood next in toxicity to 
neonicotine of the compo-'uiids investigated. In general, the compounds 
with the s,lpha-beta. and beta-alpha groupings lea.d in toxicity over 
compounds with rings located in other positions. Solutions or emulsions 
of each compound plus 0.3 percent of sodium fish oil soa,p or 1 percent 
of saponin were tested by spraying on Aphis ru:nicis L. on dv;arf nastur- 
tium iDlan.ts, 
